Software Engineering Cycle Software Development

Summary Introduction 2 Implicit Definition Software 4 Cycle Software Development - Software Engineering 6 Software Requirements 8 Software Design 9 Software Construction 9 Software Testing 10 Software Maintence 10 Gamification 10 Understanding Gamification 10 Gamifiation x Software Development 12 Conclusion 15 Introduction Nowadays, the world is completely connected and independently of geographic position ou size, companies are influenced by situations that occur in other continents or countries. As a result, if companies want to a highligh position, inovation and new businesses models are required, especially if the objective is improve the brand and conquer the loyality of customers. Because this, many organizations find by new techniques to differentiate them from other companies. One new and important technique that has been highlighted in the last years is a metodology named ‘Gamification’, a technique that uses methods of games in job activities. According to a research report conducted in 2011 (Laurence, 2011), Gartner (consulting firm focusing on processes of decision making) predicted that by the year 2015 more than half of organizations working with innovative methods will require methods of games in their internal processes. Consequently, a significant number of companies in the world will be using at least one application with features derived from games in the conduct of its business. This tendency to employ a mechanical interaction between people andShow MoreRelatedSoftware Engineering : Software Development Cycle2082 Words   |  9 PagesSoftware Engineering Process When engineers design software, most engineers use a software development methodology known as the Software Development Cycle (SDLC). The process is a structure that is one my might is imposed on the software development community. There are a number of models for this process and all use a variety of methods, tasks, and activates during their own process. Here are two of the process models: Waterfall Process – this is where developers execute their steps or phases inRead MoreSoftware Engineering1599 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Software Engineering Somnuk Keretho, Assistant Professor Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University Email: sk@nontri.ku.ac.th URL: http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~sk Somnuk Keretho/Kasetsart University Outline of this presentation †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Scope of Software Engineering Object-Oriented Software Development Software Process Software Life-Cycle Models Object Orientation Software Quality Assessment Reference to Chapter 1/2/3Read MoreSoftware Engineering Frameworks And Methodologies1528 Words   |  7 PagesCIS 4655 Software Engineering Term Paper on Software Engineering Frameworks and Methodologies By Damancharla Harini 1. Introduction: Describing software engineering can be a quite challenging task based on the purpose of the definition and the anticipated beneficiaries. Discussing about frameworks and methodologies in software engineering can be somewhat difficult under whatever circumstances because of various ways in which the issues regarding frameworks, processes and methodologiesRead MoreSoftware Reliability Of Software Standards1116 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware reliability is dynamic stochastic. Unlike hardware, software does not age, wear out or rust, unreliability of software is mainly due to bugs or design faults in the software. The exact value of product reliability is never precisely known at any point in its lifetime. The study of software reliability can be categorized into three parts: Modeling, Measurement improvement. Many Models exist, but no single model can capture a necessary amount of software characteristics. Software reliabilityRead MoreHello World687 Words   |  3 Pagesbusiness man ager, the project manager, programmers, development team, and end users. The business management normally consists of senior management (VP, President) and marketing (product manager). The project managers are responsible for tracking and controlling the progress of the project. Software engineers are responsible for developing and maintaining the software. Software development includes many tasks such as requirements gathering, software architecture and design, implementation, testingRead MoreSoftware Houses Use Agile Development1431 Words   |  6 PagesMost of software houses use agile development methodologies such as XP and scrum to enhance its product quality, increase communication between teams, release products in short time and to participate its clients in software development life cycle. There are many problems usually occur, first problem the time spent between development of the software and to make it operational. Second problem is the difference between environments. There are two different environments; development environment isRead MoreSoftware Development : The Spiral Model Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pages Software Development Software development is a discipline that all relate directly to the progress, improvements in productivity, and a lot of smart people working hard and generating significant benefits for businesses and society. But at the same time we note that projects often suffer delays and the expected results despite the talent and effort put into action by analysts, programmers and users so that the new system to function properly and on time are obtained. Spiral model In the spiralRead MorePredictive And Adaptive Models Life Cycle Models854 Words   |  4 PagesPredictive or adaptive models life cycle models used by project managers for software development. These models describe the work completed and identify the next phase of the chosen life cycle. 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System development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies are prom oted as means of improving the management and control of the software development process, structuring and simplifying the process by specifying activities to be done and techniques to be used (Russo,Read MoreSoftware Development Life Cycle ( Sdlc )937 Words   |  4 PagesSoftware Development Life Cycle Introduction Software Development Life Cycle, (SDLC) denotes the process used by software industries to design, develop and test high-quality software. SDLC is also referred to as Software development process and aims at producing high-quality software meeting or exceeding customer’s expectations, or that reaches completion within cost and times estimation. A system is a set of intermingling or dependent components that form a unified whole; it is a term that can get

Individuality And Free Verse in Walt Whitmans Song of...

Forged in the fire of revolution and defined by manifest destiny, America has always been the land of the individual. Although the American dream has not always been consistent, (married with 2.5 kids, 2 cars, a dog and a satisfying job), the spirit of innovation, individuality and progress remains unchanged. The father of free verse, and perhaps the American perspective of poetry, Walt Whitman embodies these values in his life and work. First published in 1855 in Leaves of Grass, Song of Myself is a vision of a symbolic I enraptured by the senses, vicariously embracing all people and places from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Sections 1 and 2, like the entirety of the piece, seek to reconcile the individual and the natural world†¦show more content†¦Also notable was the absence of any note on the cover identifying Walt Whitman as the author. Instead, engraved on the front is a portrait of Whitman, hat cocked, nonchalant and intimately personal. In his preface, Whitman heralds the coming of a new democratic literature, one that forms a commensurate with the people (preface). Whitman saw his poetry not only as a creation of the self, but indeed a piece of the self and a reflection of American society as a whole (Mulcaire 471). Whitman purposely left the cover unmarked because he regarded his poetry as a binding and universal understanding of which he was not the proprietor, but merely a participant in. More central to Whitmans purpose was his view of the poem as a means expressing his self in universal terms. Because of his background in the high volume production of literature, Terry Mulcaire theorizes that Whitman saw the mass distribution of his poetry as a means of universalizing an intimacy with his world: (W)e are now part of a living crowd who see the same Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, the same poem, the same book, the same product of an industrial culture that generations of readers have experienced. (Mulcaire 473) The intended result is that the person that Whitman, in this commodification, becomes inextricably meldedShow MoreRelatedWalt Whitman Poem Analysis978 Words   |  4 PagesConnotation- The poem was inspired by Walt Whitman, hence the free verse style of poetry. It was done solely out of inspiration as well, no other poet or poetess could compete with him, with regards to the complexity of his poems. Although this is nowhere near the genius of Whitman, it still resembles the poets work, through free verse. Nevertheless, the poem was written in free verse in order to sound scholarly, and although it may be tougher to create a poem that rhymes, it can also be said thatRead More walt whitman Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walt Whitman nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walt Whitman was a follower of the two Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He believed in Emerson and Thoreau’s Trascendentalist beliefs. Whitman believed that individualism stems from listening to one’s inner voice and that one’s life is guided by one’s intuition. The Transcendentalist centered on the divinity of each individual; but this divinity could be self-discoveredRead MoreThe Father Of Free Verse By Walt Whitman2965 Words   |  12 PagesWalt Whitman, also known as the father of free verse was born in May of 1819 (Llanas p.11).Walt Whitman is considered to be one of the greatest poets and journalist of all time. Mr. Whitman became famous for his form of writing poetry and the many different kinds of genres he would pick. Whitman’s oeuvre is considered some of the best of all time. No other author had ever used â€Å"free verse† when writing, which meant that the poetry had no rhyme and meter. He also possessed a profound sense of democracyRead MoreEssay Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson3113 Words   |  13 PagesDifferences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinsons works have numerous differences. Compared to Dickinsons short and seemingly simple poems, Whitmans are long and often complex. Both pioneered their own unique style of writing. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both have been hailed as original and unique artists. They each have distinctive voices that many have attempted to replicate and have been unable to do so. Whitman wrote in epic like proportions; heRead MoreWalt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln3895 Words   |  16 PagesWalt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln Table of contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 2. Whitman’s position in American literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. Whitman’s poetry before the civil war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............3 4. Lincoln’s death – a turning point for Whitman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 5. Walt Whitman’s four poems on the American nation’s grief†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 5.1 Hush d Be the Camps To-day†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 5.2. When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom d†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Read More The Democratic Value of Whitmans Leaves of Grass Essay3334 Words   |  14 PagesEarly reviews of Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass evince an incipient awareness of the unifying and acutely democratic aspects of the poetry. An article in the November 13th, 1856, issue of the New York Daily Times describes the modest, self-published book of twelve seemingly formless poems: As we read it again and again, and we will confess that we have returned to it often, a singular order seems to arise out of its chaotic verses (2). The Daily Timess identification of order out of chaosRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s What Came First The Chicken Or The Egg? 1739 Words   |  7 PagesTaylor Fink Professor Jonathan Cook English 231 10 July 2015 Emerson Vs. Whitman and Their Influence on Each Other When talking about Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman a similar question of â€Å"What came first the chicken or the egg?† comes to mind. Scholars may argue that without Emerson and his influential sermons and speeches that Walt Whitman would have never found his voice, but how can someone who so many consider one of the greatest poets of all time cease to exist? Ralph Waldo Emerson knewRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 PagesWalt Whitman’s vision of America in Leaves of Grass Valentine†©Abbet†© TRAVAIL†©DE†©MATURITE†© †© Sous†©la†©direction†©d’Anne†©Roland†Wurzburger†© Gymnase†©du†©Bugnon,†©Lausanne†© 2012†©  «I have sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long! » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed editionRead MoreWhat Came First The Chicken Or The Egg?2116 Words   |  9 PagesWhen talking about Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman a similar question of â€Å"What came first the chicken or the egg?† comes to mind. Scholars may argue that without Emerson and his influential sermons and speeches that Walt Whitman would have never found his voice, but how can someone who so many consider one of the greatest poets of all time cease to exist? Ralph Waldo Emerson knew what he was doing when he published The Poet. It was an outcry for the American people to speak a truthful narrativeRead MoreChallenges in The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain by Langston Hughes2027 Words   |  8 Pagesaccording to their unique inclinations and perceptions. It is the differences in the world that empower and stimulate change and innovation, and African Americans should not feel that they are excluded from the power to inspire change with their individu ality solely because of their different skin color. The situation should be, according to Langston Hughes, quite the opposite. Those who are dedicated to the written word, specifically poets, traditionally have not been constrained by what society will

Parents should be Responsible Children Violate Laws

Question: Discuss about the Article for Parents should be Responsible for Children Violate Laws. Answer: Introduction As per parental responsibility legislations, there are laws which actually hold parents liable criminally for any negligence or not controlling a childs illicit acts. Basically the statute is not holding parents for the criminal acts of the child but for not controlling the child adequately. At the state, social and municipal levels this is a popular statute and is one of the many ways societies are contemplating how to reduce juvenile criminalist acts in kids. The basic concept behind this is that children who are living with their parents gets affected and strongly impacted by the activities of the parents. In USA, legal mechanisms have always help parents accountable for their childrens actions (Cahn, 1996; Humm, 1991). California is the world leader in enactment of punitive parental liability legislations. It introduced the Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act of the year 1988. Under this legal guardians or parents are liable when there are evidences of inadequate care , protection, supervision and control made on minor child (California Penal Code Section 272). Such punishments can be in the form of fines, misdemeanors to even probation of five years or imprisonment. Nine more states have passed legislations similar to this (Mildon, 1996). It is considered that how a child is born and brought up at home has an impact on the development of his or her mind or thoughts. Styles of Parenting and Its Effect on Children The style in which parents shape up the development of their children is a long lasting source of theory scientists, thinkers, philosophers and parents have been researching about. The outcome of such studies is huge. We have composed it and concluded that there are the following four styles of parenting (Utting, 2007). Psychological speaking these are authoritative, neglectful, permissive and authoritarian. Each of these has a different set of characteristics and builds up different reactions in children. Here we will discuss these styles and their effect on children. Authoritative parenting This is the most beneficial and highly accepted style of parenting. These are parents who have their expectations set very high from their children. However they make adjustments to these expectations keeping the well being of the child in consideration. Children undergoing this style of parenting often show great discipline and behavior in their day to day activities. Neglectful parenting One of the most damaging ways to look after children is being neglectful to their needs. This is different from rest all other ways and here either the parent recognizes, or a family or close friend. In such a situation the child suffers the most showing emotional issues, outbursts, behavioral problems, concentration problems and inability to mix with other children. Permissive parenting Permissive style of parenting has some damaging effects too. These are parents who indulge their children. Responsive but not depending, these parents do not like confrontations and hence become lenient in many demands of the children which they should not. Children of such parenting can show indiscipline and an attitude of not being reasonable or understanding. Authoritarian parenting- The other name given to authoritarian parenting is strict style of parenting. Here there are given less open dialogues in between the child and the parent. There are rules and the child is expected to follow those rules. Children under this style of parenting show a healthy development (Hughes, 2013). There is a need of an ideal parent in the world. A psychological parent can be the answer to this. Psychological parents work on the child on a day to day basis. Using communication, interaction, mutuality, and interplay and exchanging ideas they cover up the psychological and physical needs of their children. They are always there for the financial or emotional support of the child. How one can become a good psychological parent highly depends on how well one can bond emotionally with the child A child up to the age of 7 years is known to be a doli incapax. It means he or she is considered as defense of infancy. Hence during this age they are not responsible for their actions. And this is the right age to mould them to have the best of characters or nature. Education, knowledge, civil and moral sense of responsibility must be ingrained in a child by the parent anytime till he or she is 7 years because this is the time when they accept and believe everything said by a parent (Koocher, 1990). The entire world today is focused on raising and improving development of children in every way possible. A real world example can be given for General Powell who has committed his life and for the past decade have been providing time, financial resource, energy and creativity in improving life of children in the nation. Under the name of Americas Promise Alliance, Powell with his wife Alma Powell is advocating the needs of the younger generation (Anonymous). Parents to be Held Responsible Only Personally, the argument is in favor of the fact that parents should be held responsible for the actions of children. It is believed that it depends highly on the age of the child when he or she makes the crime and depending on that one can hold the parents as responsible. In the real world the right answer highly depends on the State where such an incident has occurred. Numerous cases of children stealing, calling for fake bombs, sexually assaulting or using a shotgun in schools made it call parents to be responsible for their kids actions. Almost 36 States today claims parents are responsible when kids break the law. In Tennessee a small 8 year girl child was shot dead by another 11 year boy kid over a fight for a puppy. During school lunch for a $10, a school boy was stabbed to death in London. High publicized juvenile crimes like shootings in schools have further increased awareness of parental responsibility (Fablo, 2008).There are many States which have adopted statutes of parental responsibility legislations based on their own locations. When such laws will be implemented universally, then it will provide enough data to analyze how effective they are. As per Graham "We have an adult problem, nota children problem .... If we can get our adults together, the children will naturally fall in line" (Graham, 2000). Conclusion From the exterior it is a belief that parents are to be held up for the crime committed by their children as the parents are totally responsible for the upbringing and education of the children. Their actions and behaviors have huge influence over the thought process, beliefs and actions showcased by the children. The primary reason for this is when a child starts learning things the parents are the first people they know and starts understanding. This has given the conception that if children do not behave properly it is because of the parents. If they commit a crime it is also because of the parents. It is considered that maybe parents have neglected them or they are simple bad parents. However there are ample cases that can be proved as evidence that even after parents doing everything for their child, giving them proper care, attention and education that tend to get attracted to the negative and gets tempted to commit a crime at a very young age. In such a situation there is no p oint to blame parents. Parents really do not have a complete control on their children. They cannot be with the children 24 by 7, not at school, not at their art classes and not while they are spending time with other kids on the block. Hence once again to conclude to blame a parent for the crime committed by their children one must look at the age and State where the incident has taken place. One must understand the lifestyle of the family in concern and then come to a fair conclusion. References Cahn, (1996). Pragmatic questions about parental liability statutes. Humm, R. (1991). Criminalizing poor parenting skills as a means to contain violence by and against children. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Koocher, G. P. Keith- Spiegel, P. C. (1990). Children, Ethics, and the Law: Professional Issues and Cases. Graham. (2000). Parental Responsibility Laws: Let the Punishment Fit the Crime. Utting, D. (2007), Parenting and the different ways it can affect childrens lives: research evidence Hughes, E. (2013), Types of Parenting Styles and How to Identify Yours, Retrieved from https://my.vanderbilt.edu/developmentalpsychologyblog/2013/12/types-of-parenting-styles-and-how-to-identify-yours/Anonymous, Leadership of General Colin Powell and Alma Powell, Retrieved from https://www.americaspromise.org/leadership-general-colin-powell-and-alma-powell

The Effect Of Highspeed Trains On Society Essays -

The Effect Of Highspeed Trains On Society A major reason in favor of the construction of high-speed trains in America is to relieve airways and traffic congestion. First, delays at airports are costly. Larry Johnson, director of the Center for transportation Research at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, calculates that passengers lose more that twelve million hours each year in delays at OHare airport alone. In 1986, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airlines, delays cost five billion dollars, including two billion in extra fuel and labor cost, for the ailing airline industry. According to the FAA, relieving airport congestion will cost one hundred and seventeen billion over the next decade (Mobey 14). Transportation planners predict that freeways will suffer from unbearable gridlock over the next two decades. Their conventional wisdom maintains that the U.S. cannot build out of this congestion. The Southern California Association of Governments says that daily commute time, in the Los Angeles ar ea will double by two thousand and twenty and unbearable present conditions on the freeways will become even worse. By two thousand and twenty, drives are expected to spend Seve nty percent of their time in stop-and-go traffic, as compared to fifty six percent today. Similar predictions have been made for metro areas around the country. Yet the best alternatives that they can offer are to spend billions more on public transport that hardly anyone will use and to try to force people into carpools that do not fit the ways they actually live and work (Samuel p 1). Highway traffic is also costly. Maintaining the interstate highway system could run three trillion dollars over the next several decades (Moberg 14). Urban congestion is a hidden tax on the productivity and welfare of urban areas everywhere. In areas like Los Angeles and New York, this tax is eight billion dollars per year; nationally, about fifty six billion per year. In the next twenty years, this insidious tax is projected to nearly double (Mallinckarodt p1). Bill Fay said, Cars stuck in traffic waste more fuel and emit more pollutants than cars that are moving(Dahl 4). High occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes are one of the primary tools used to reduce traffic congestion on the state highway system and improve air quality (HOV Lanes in California p1). The usual goal of HOV lane restrictions is to provide overall congestion, and emissions reduction (Mallinckdet. p 1). However, in recent years, HOV lanes effectiveness in achieving these goals has come in to question (HOV Lanes in California p1). When drivers use a highway, they do not pay the cost that they may be imposing on other drivers. Ideally, traffic should flow smoothly at the speed limit. However, as traffic increases, eventually the addition of one more vehicle will slow the flow and increase the travel time of other vehicles. At this point congestion (the negative externality) begins (Dahl p4). Sen Daniel Patrick Moynihan said, The train technology, offers great opportunities to reduce congestion in our surface and air transportation system (Clough 9). Thus building high-speed trains would aid the problem of increa sing congestion at Americas airports and on the highways. Those who argue against high-speed trains cite their negative effects to the environment. Environmental concerns have been raised with respect to high-speed rail. High-speed rails ability to materially reduce air pollution and energy consumption is dependent upon significantly reducing automobile and airline use ( Dahl p2). The FDOTs (Florida Department of Transportation) projections, anticipate so few people transferring from autos and air that any air pollution or energy gain would be inconsequential. Further, construction of major infrastructure projects consumes energy. It has been estimated that San Franciscos BART rapid transit system consumed more energy in construction than the future diversion from automobiles would save (Dahl p4). Burning fossil fuels, a process that expends approximately two times as much energy as it produces, generates most Florida electric power. Electric propulsion thus loses some of its advantage over fossil fuel propulsion (Johnson 2). Additionally F rench Champagne growers claim that high-speed rail embankments trap cold air, threatening their crops. A similar effect in Florida could make preservation of adjacent citrus crops more challenging (Dahl 1). However, students are now being educated on