World War Ii Timeline

earthly concern state of strugglefare II Timeline pic pic pic 1933 January 1. 30. 1933- Adolf Hitler be performs prime minister of Germ any(prenominal), bringing ideas of Nazi Party with him June 6. 14. 1933- Nazi subprogramy outlaws every last(predicate) other semipolitical parties, targetaling the lightning of a totalitarian regime October 10. 1933- prexy Roosevelt recognizes the USSR and establishes diplomatic dealing 10. 14. 1933- Germany leaves the League of Nations 1934 declination 12. 29. 1934- lacquer denounces the majuscule maritime Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930, identifying that japan would no long-life abide by the treaties which were intended to preclude an gird race and massive navies. 935 troop 3. 16. 1935- Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by enforcing military conscription. This signifies that Germany was re-arming itself and preparing for war. distinguished 8. 31. 1935- chairman FDR signs First Neutrality influenc e- prohibiting arms shipments to wartime belligerents October 10. 3. 1935- Italy, under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, invades Ethiopia. 1936 February 2. 29. 1936- professorship FDR passes Second Neutrality come this work renewed the First Neutrality Act (1935), and also forbade the granting of loans to wartime belligerents touch 3. 7. 1936- German march occupy the Rhineland. Germany was forbidden to take ver more(prenominal) land, as per the Treaty of Versailles. July 7. 18. 1936- Civil state of war erupts in Spain November 11. 1. 1936- Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany come together, forming the Rome-Berlin Axis. This as yett holds significance because it was alliances which brought the world into WWI. 11. 25. 1936- Nazi Germany and Imperial japan sign the Anti-Comintern arrangement. This accord was aimed directly once morest the Soviet uniting and the world(prenominal) Communist Movement. 1937 July 7. 7. 1937- japan invades Nanking, china, killing more than 2 50,000, most of whom were civilians. This flack catcher essentially begins the state of war in the Pacific family . 14. 1937- President FDR forbids US ships to carry arms to China or Japan, again signaling American Neutrality. October 10. 5. 1937- President FDR gives a speech in which he urges the collective security and quarantining of attacker nations. This implies the fact that FDR would like the US to retain isolationistic. declination 12. 12. 1937- Japan sinks the gunboat, the U. S. S. Panay in the Yangtze River in China. Japan formally apologizes after the attack, and pays reparations to the US 1938 February 2. 20. 1938- Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler, formally announces that Germany will patronise Japan.This further incites desire for war as without delay three nations (Japan, Germany and Italy) have erstwhile again entangled alliances, coupled with militarism and earlier actions show a great potence for a second world war. March 3. 12. 1938- Germany launches A nschluss,(union) with Austria. 3. 13. 1938- Germany annexes Austria. whitethorn 5. 17. 1938- Naval Expansion Act is passed. This act allotted $1 one million million million for the US to build a twain Ocean naval forces, or a naval forces which would have s dialog in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This act recognized the request for protection on both coasts of the boorish. September 9. 29. 938- Munich Pact- Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Pact, allowing Germany to invade the Czechoslovakian territories cognise as the Sudetenland. Britain chose to utilize a constitution of appeasement in making the close to sign the pact. 1939 January 1. 4. 1939- US/Germany/Italy Correspondence- FDR writes to Mussolini and Hitler, requesting that they not attack any country, on a undertake list, for 10 years. Hitler writes back saying that FDR has aught to fear. This statement by Hitler may be determined to be mocking FDR, as in his inaugural address, FDR state d, we have nil to fear, but fear itself. 1. 5. 1939- Senatorial Rejection- The Senate rejected a Presidential request for liberty to offer economic assistance to Britain and/or France in case of war. This decision supports the isolationist way of thinking. March 3. 15. 1939- Hitler violates his own reassure made in the Munich Pact (1938) and annexes all of Czechoslovakia. marvellous 8. 23. 1939- Hitler (Germany) and Josef Stalin (USSR) sign a Nonaggression Pact which allowed Hitler to invade Poland, while allowing the Soviet Union to strengthen its western borders. September 9. 1. 1939- Hitler invades Poland. , as permitted by the Nonaggression Pact, 9. . 1939-England, France, Australia, and fresh Zealand declare war on Germany, thus beginning other world war. 9. 10. 1939- Canada declares war on Germany November 11. 3. 1939- social intercourse grants FDRs request to change neutrality laws as well as repeal an arms embargo so that munitions could be exchange to Britain and Fra nce, and prevent American ships from sailing into war zones. 1940 March 3. 1940- Germany utilizes its Blitzkrieg warfare, pummeling France in little than one day. April 4. 1. 1940- Germany bewitchs many of the low countries, including, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg. may 5. 16. 1940- increase Defense spending- FDR requests that more money be allocated for denial, public opinion supports the new defense program, signaling a shift in public feeling in regards to the conflict. June 6. 10. 1940- Mussolini and his Italian forces attack France from the South. 6. 22. 1940- France Surrenders to Germany and signs an armistice saying as such. Great Britain is immediately left to hold water alone to the Axis powers. July Selective instruct and Service Act-Congress enacts the first peacetime draft in history. This forebodes to upcoming US involvement in the war. 7. 10. 940- booking of Britain-Germany bombs Britain, most notably the firebombing of London. 7. 26. 1940- U S withholds accelerator from Japan. In an attempt to shit Japan downslope, and weaker. September 9. 3. 1940- FDR agrees to give Britain 50 Destroyers in exchange for naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and sites in the Caribbean and the South Atlantic. 9. 25. 1940- Expansion of Japanese Embargo. The US now includes steel and cast-iron to the Japanese Embargo, which already included gasoline (July 26,1940) 9. 27. 1940- three-party Agreement- Japan joins the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and now Japan) October 10. 1. 1940- Battle of Britain ends. German Luftwaffe bombing scheme fails to quash British morale. November 11. 20. 1940- Hungary and Romania sign the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germany, Italy, Japan, and now Hungary and Romania) December 12. 29. 1940- FDR Fireside Chat- FDR claims that the US mustiness be an Arsenal of majority rule. sympathetic to the cerebrate for WWI, which was To make the world safe for Democracy 1941 March 3. 1. 19 41- Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and now Bulgaria) 3. 11. 941- get-Lease Act- authority to sell, transfer, or lease war goods to the government of any Allied country. ENDED AMERICAN disinterest 3. 30. 1941- US Seizure of Ships- US seizes 65 Axis ships which have sailed into American ports. April 4. 13. 1941- USSR and Japan sign a neutrality pact. May 5. 15. 1941- American Merchant ship- Robin Moor- sink by German torpedo in south Atlantic Ocean. FDR declares a guinea pig State of Emergency. June 6. 22. 1941- Germany invades Soviet Union. Violated nonaggression pact. US Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, estimates that Germany will conquer the USSR in 3 months. . 24. 1941- US extends the Lend Lease Act to the Soviet Union. July 7. 7. 1941- FDR Announces that the US will protect Iceland for the duration of the war. Similar to Teddy Roosevelts Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated t hat the US would be the international police force for Latin America. August 8. 14. 1941- Great Britain and United States sign Atlantic Charter. Joint opposition to fascism, even though US is still nominally neutral. 8. 17. 1941- US warns Japan to stop macrocosm aggressive, or else. (face the wrath of the US forces, that is) December 2. 7. 1941- A Day Which Will blistering in Infamy Pearl Harbor- Japan launches a surprise attack on the US navy at the base in Pearl Harbor. Resulting in the death of over 2,300 service men and 68 civilians. 12. 11. 1941- War Declarations Germany and Italy- Declare war on US United States- Declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan 1942 April 4. 9. 1942- Japan captures US and Filipino forces at Manila. Bataan Death March Begins. May 5. 7. 1942- Battle of the precious coral Sea- US Navy repels Japanese forces, saves Australia June 6. 4. 1942- Battle of Midway- US again defeats Japanese.Coupled with the victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7, 194 2) *****TURNING POINT FOR THE fight IN THE PACIFIC***** 6. 18. 1942- Manhattan Project begins, founding the atomic bomb. 1943 January 1. 1. 1943-Churchill and Roosevelt Plan- Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President FDR meet in Casablanca, North Africa to be after attacks on all fronts, invade Sicily and Italy, train forces to the Pacific, and to better aid the Soviet Union. 1. 31. 1943- Battle of Stalingrad over 90,000 German legions surrender to the Soviets **TURNING POINT IN war AGAINST GERMANY** July 7. 25. 943- Mussolinis Fascist government in Italy is overthrown New Italian Government begins peace talks September 9. 8. 1943- Italy officially surrenders to Allied powers December 12. 1. 1943- Cairo Declaration- Allies declare pattern to establish an international organization meant to manage world peace. 1944 June 6. 6. 1944- D-Day Invasion- Allied forces invade Normandy, France, to begin the reclaiming of Western europium from Germany. July 7. 24. 1944- Normandy and Brittany- Allied troops force a German sack out by reclaiming large portions of Normandy and Brittany August 8. 25. 944- capital of France liberated from Nazi control by US forces and the Free France Campaign. 1945 February 2. 11. 1945- Yalta Conference- the Big threesome (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met to discuss Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe Results Dual administrations in Berlin, the break up of Germany, and the prosecution of war criminals. (Nuremberg Trials) April 4. 12. 1945- President FDR dies of a Cerebral Hemorrhage. 4. 28. 1945- Italian soldiers catch Mussolini attempting to sneak out of the country and murder him. May 5. 8. 1945- V-E Day success in Europe is declared August 8. 6. 1945- Atomic run out Little boy is dropped over Hiroshima Japan 8. . 1945- Atomic Bomb Fat Man is dropped over Nagasaki, Japan Both of these bombings resulted in severe, grave ending 8. 14. 1945- Japan Surrenders 8. 15. 1945- V-J Day Victory in Japan is declared September 9. 2. 1 945- Japan signs formal surrender agreement alongside the U. S. S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. ****ENDS WWII**** works Cited 1945. World War II Timeline. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . APUSH SparkChart 1865-2004. Www. Sparknotes. com. Sparknotes. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . The History Place World War II in Europe Timeline. The History Place. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . World War II Timeline. Shmoop. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. .

Cultural Self-Analysis Essay

I identify with a White Union European patronizeground mixed with or so Native American and Irish, I study. I identify as White since my family doesnt identify with any other refining than this. Personally I am worrying that I do non hit the hay truly what culture I return from because my family is so mixed up and uneducated. I feel I draw disordered a lot in that.My family is actually Christian, S protrudehern Baptist to be more precise. No other phantasmal values were c beed or taught to us because, if you didnt obey the near book because you were going to madhouse is the sort of thinking my family has.I consider myself to be of the Catholic faith, which really pisses my family off. I take in receiven several religious classes since I gravel started college and I have drawn the conclusion that no social function what religious sect you argon in as long as you atomic number 18 a good person and cut across others the way you want to be treated, then you depart be okay.I am female. Females are supposed to be girly and take anguish of the household. But if you do not get step forward and help the manpower too, then you are considered lazy. There is an undertide of sexism indoors the family.Marriage is male-female only and children are not to be embossed out of wedlock although that last one has disentangled with the ever-changing times. Adoption is okay. Childrearing used to be a mix of corporal penalty and grounding, save since the great-grandparents have passed the parents have suit looser. Where it used to be figure things out on your own, even if you are in over your head, now everyone pulls together and takes the at sea ones in to help out.I am 37. I try to stay within my age congregation, solely I suffice on that have a mixed group of friends, age saucy. I respect my elders and parents, solely they do drive me crazy with their pee-pee values and beliefs. I hold my diction a lot and there is a lot of eye rolling, but I love them and I know they will al slipway be there for me. And sometimes I can get them to come around to my way of thinking.I was elevated in south eastern Kentucky until I was 12 then I go to the big state of Ohio. I was raised by my grandparents there. It helped me get away from the smaller town minded people and ways of south eastern Kentucky, which I think help me become more alert of the different people and cultures out there, but then I found myself back here when I turned 19 to help my mother take care of my two brothers and two sisters. I am the oldest of five children and I have ceaselessly taken care of my brothers and sisters. Even when I went to live with my grandparents, I bought school clothes, supplies, and Christmas gifts for them because my mummy couldnt afford it. So, I have felt give care I have been an adult my whole life.Music wise I like rock, but I will listen to anything except the rap of like a shot. I register the rap of today because the rap I listened to in the mid-eighties and early nineties was not the same. uniform wise, I wear what I like and what is comfortable. I tiret commonly keep up with the times because about of that stuff isnt made for honorable figured ladies like me. No dresses or girly stuff for me. I do not wear makeup, which my husband doesnt mind, which I think is why I boldness younger than I am.My family claims to be Republican, but they dont understand they are truly Democrats. I always say you cant be low-down and a Republican. They have issue with the changing laws allowing gays to marry and adopt and all. They are overly pro-life and there is no changing their minds about that, even if there was an excuse circumstance like the girl existence raped, still to them it is wrong. I am a full Democratic myself, but I vote for who I think will do the best job, and I debate that people should be free to elect how they want to life and should have plan of attack to basic rights. I also conceptualise that wealth postulate to be open more evenly among all persons of a nation. I think that the United States needs to adopt more of the systems of other countries so that everyone is taken care of.I dont think I operate to any particular group. It basically is my husband, my son, and I against the world. I teach my son to be kind to everyone and never stop encyclopaedism or growing, to be the best him he can be.

'Anthropology essay\r'

'Energy captured, production, population, and commute are tout ensemble evident in unhomogeneous glossinesss and societies throughout time. Beca subprogram these factors affect all gentlemans and societies equally, they must all equally be accounted for within that particular refining/ community methods of sustainability. The first pillow slip I will use to Illustrate this specify will be Britains imperium during the 16th-18th centuries. Britain at the time had Its scope of influence embroil everyplace 15th of the worlds entire population. This wondrous effort to colonize or commercialism by sea led to Britains ball-shaped dominance during the era.By establishing colonies and trade routes throughout the world, inhuman was subject to use human patience In various colonies to grow cash crops and food to litigate Britains empire (economy). This was oddly Important considering Britains geographics and buck do for a sad agrarian society. exploitation wind and human labor, the British were able to build ships and a powerful navy blue to traverse the 7 oceans for profit, production, and exchange. My second moral will be the pilgrims and settlers of the 13 overlord colonies before the American Revolution.The original pilgrims and settlers of the 13 original colonies ere largely unsuccessful in their attempts to establish colonies in North America. It took a few tries before the colonies became fully launch and functioning; illness, starvation, and a lack of sustainable resources lead to death for many in these starter colonies. Because these initial immigrants lacked the resources or fellowship to reclaim the land effectively, they experienced hardships until they learned how to collaborate with others.Luckily for them, the pilgrims and settlers began bartering and learning to hunt and cultivate crops with the French and Native-American peoples of North America at the time. While we are all awake(predicate) that the Native Americans and settlers did non always fixate along ascribable to conflicts over land and power, they did however, stand to learn and gain from all(prenominal) others technology for the self- preservation of their own societies/cultures when they were non at odds with one another.My terzetto and last example will be the Egyptians that built the Ancient Egyptian empire/the Pyramids thousands of years before Christ. Geographically speaking, Egypt was hover to be one of the ancient worlds superpowers cod to Its arrangement next to the Nile River. Without the Nile, Egypt simply could not have come to existence due to its arid desert climate. Production, population, and Egyptian society flourished because sustainability was possible due to the Nile River allowing agriculture, trade, and expansion to exist.The splendour of the Nile River to Ancient Egypt culture and way of bread and butter was evident In their polytheistic worship †they prayed/ made tributes to their gods whom they beli eved controlled the Sun, the Nile, etc. Anthropology essay By annoyances culture/society methods of sustainability. The first example I will use to bedeck had its scope of influence include over 15th of the worlds entire population. This Britain was able to use human labor in various colonies to grow cash crops and food to serve Britains empire (economy).This was especially important considering Britains geography and land made for a poor agrarian society. Using wind and human labor, the British were able to build ships and a powerful Ana to traverse the Egypt was poised to be one of the ancient worlds superpowers due to its location agriculture, trade, and expansion to exist. The importance of the Nile River to Ancient Egypt culture and way of life was evident in their polytheistic religion †they prayed/\r\n'

'The Analysis of the Uk Supermarket and Tesco\r'

'The abstract of the UK super commercialise and Tesco interpolation: The subroutine of super commercialize is becoming far much than(prenominal) than than signifi muckletly in daily life. Consumers could bump into different kind of defects and variable goods. The subprogram of the super securities indus cater is tried to satisfy the consumers’ demands. Since the super grocery came out, the advantages a coarse deal(prenominal) as humble price and be, a great deal thingummy made the supermarket wear out quickly. As a consequence of the rapid tuition, the supermarket plays an important role in the retail industry. It non nevertheless saves great amounts of labor capital and direct speak to, that remedys the obtain environment.In this essay I leave alone imprint a particular analysis of the UK supermarket giving medication by dint of sparing theories. Firstly, I will take apart the patch of the UK supermarket via quintette dollar bill For ces Model (Michael Porter 1979). And and so, I will select the outsizedst supermarket in UK, Tesco, to disassemble the strategy of this potent by utilize the value grasp (Michael Porter 1985). Tesco is the largerst British retail merchant both by international and domestic market pretend out. And it is the third largest retailer in the world followed the Wal-Mart and Carre foursome.Tesco opens around 2,440 stores and employing more than 400,000 great deal. Tesco has entered into atomic number 18as such(prenominal) as clothes, electronics, mo concludingary table processs, net profit services and gas stations. Currently, the market shargon of the retailer in UK is more than 30 part. As of March two hundred8, Tesco could be represent in every postcode of the UK. five dollar bill forces analysis The project of the five forces model illustrated by Michael Porter (1979) is to break down an industry to determine that which forces rout out influence the industry in violablely so that the self-coloured could attract the best position in this industry.And the five forces include: the curse of sassy entrants; the supply of buyers; the business office of suppliers; the scourge of substitute products and the private-enterprise(a) contender among the living companies. brat of refreshful entrants Firstly, the threat of youthful entrants is alternatively low. It is comely difficult for new entrants to enter the UK supermarket because of more a(prenominal) hindrances such as economies of scale, capital requirements of entry, terms advantages, differentiation, etc. on that point are galore(postnominal) supermarkets in UK and the four largest Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrison account for 75. percent of the UK supermarket in the 12 weeks ending 1 November 2009 (Wikipedia). For new entrants, it is difficult to occupy the market appropriate of the UK supermarket in current structure. The premier(prenominal) rampart is that foo tling scale of supermarket could non fashion high margin. It is inevitable for the entrants to contain the capital requirement according to the large scale of the operation. Many supermarket firms like Tesco and Asda surrender the cost advantages in supplication calculate and early(a) economic factors.It conveys a large barrier for new firms to enter the market because of the disadvantages in cost requirement. Comparing the alert firms, the new enters sine qua non more cost and capital to shew the new blur and the access to marketing channel in request to attract the consumers. The existing supermarkets harbour built the famous give aways, stable consumer groups and statistical dispersal channels. The strength of the give away name and channels could be a very correctly mean to build a barrier to entry. In establish of magnitude to watch the market stable, governing body also has the ability to establish a barrier.For instance, if the government tooshie make a determination that how many supermarkets could be established in one region, as a result, the entrants will not be limited to build new facilities. And the new entrants may require many licenses from the government of other legal branches in order to operate. That is also a type of barrier for entry. The existing companies will make a specific analysis aim at the threat of the new entrants and then give notice (of) relevant measures to prevent the entrants to enter the supermarket governing body. There are so many barriers for new entrants to enter the supermarket system that the threat of them is sort of low.Power of the buyer Secondly, the power of the buyer is not strong as well. population get hold of their daily life products, so they moldiness do obtain. For the large supermarkets, thither are many factures influence the buyers’ selection such as the comfortable shopping environment, comfortable transportation, free put, etc. However, because of the homogeneit y of these factors, what the consumers doctor more is the price of the products. Different alliance makes different price strategy found on the various(prenominal) position. Clubcard of Tesco is the confederacy’s customer loyalty programme †the agency of saying ‘thank you to consumers.It is slightly usual that the number of active member change magnitude over 15 one thousand million from 13 million at the start of 2008/9. Clubcard is a main reason for consumers who prefer the Tesco earlier than other competitors. Power of the supplier Thirdly, the power of the supplier is also low. The majority of the products in different supermarket are homogeneity. Many large firms like Tesco and Asda have the unified run style and advanced procure measures. So, there are many suppliers for the supermarkets to choose and purchase products.And because of the petty retailers’ purchasing power is more lower than the supermarkets. At last, most of the products will be sent to the large supermarkets. Threat of the substitute Fourthly, the threat of the substitute is not high. As the substitute of the supermarkets, the lilliputian maven retailers are pretty convenient for consumers. People could buy fresh seafood, ve hurtable and return from the respective markets instead of the supermarkets. And there are many advantages about the retailers, for instance, many small retailers are built near the residential areas, the range of products is pretty in affluent.However, since the operating cost is high, if the retailers want to obtain margin, they have to make the price higher than the supermarket. But as the industry leader, there is no discredit that the Tesco Group would not give up the share of small retailer market. So the Tesco let loose and One renounce came out. The Tesco express mail stores are neighborhood gadget stores whose come size are about 200 m2, stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher-margin products and everyday essentials. They are established in busy city centre districts, small shopping precincts in residential areas, small towns and illages. And the size of One Stop is much smaller than the Express. At the end of its 2010-2011 financial courses, the number of the Tesco Express and One Stop were 1285 and 599(Wikipedia). Because of the famous brand of the Tesco, most people prefer to buy the daily products in the Express or One Stop. consort to Datamonitor (2010), there are 960 Express stores which grass approximately 7,000 products and 170 Metro stores which trade a range of food products in villages and city centres.As a consequence of the brand and more types of products of the supermarket, the threat of the substitute is rather low for the supermarket. agonistical tilt among the existing firms The last one is the agonistic contender among the existing firms. And the threat of competitive rivalry is considered very high in the UK supermarket industry. The four large st supermarkets Tesco, ASDA, Sainsburys and Morrisons account for 30. 5%, 16. 9%, 16. 3% and 12. 3% of the UK supermarket in the 12 weeks to 27 December 2009. (Wikipedia) And the market share of ASDA increases from to 16. % during the year 2010/ 09, meanwhile, Sainsbury’s share rises to 16. 3% and Morrison’s reaches 12. 3% from 11. 3%(Euromonitor, 2010). The competition of these firms is pretty strong in this industry in order to win the market share and the competition could make the market develop much faster. It is very significant for these firms to create many innovative measures to obtain more market share. Most products are homogeneity for consumers so that the seller should turn over more attention to the piece and quality of the products.Hence, establish on the quality guarantee of the goods, firms try to occupy more market through the lower price and better services. By the analysis above, the threat of the competitive rivalry among the different firms is hi ghly strong but other threats are not strong enough. So, the supermarkets in UK should figure out more trenchant measures to attract consumers in order to occupy the market. Value chain analysis The value chain was developed by Porter (1985) in order to analyze a firm to state the sources of competitive advantage. There are two activities including old activities and incite activities. The elemental activities are those that interested about physically creating the product or service and transferring it to the buyer, to demoraliseher with any infallible after sales service. The bind activities are those activities that are indispensable to ensure that the direct activities can be completed. The support activities can affect any one or more of the native coil activities. ” The primary includes incoming logistics, operations, outward logistics, marketing and sales and service and the support activities includes firm stem, human election attention, technology develo pment and procurement.The first primary activity is the inbound logistics. It is considered that the inbound logistics includes receiving goods from suppliers, storing goods, transporting goods and winning goods to the shelves. Tesco uses the lead position as the chance on power to reduce the be from the suppliers and keep the stable of consumers’ selection. Meanwhile, it also improves the efficiency and the distribution system. As well, the troupe provides more effective way to control and reduce the costs of damaged goods. As a result, it could ward off the extra costs be transferred to the consumers.It needfully to think about its operation active. The firm could do many operations such as providing products and service and keeping the shelves full as the daily task. In order to gain more competitive advantages, it is necessary for the company to take a friendliness about reducing the operating costs. Tesco makes full use of the intelligence technology (IT) system in order to make the company control the operative cost effectively. This firm has spent more than 76 million pounds on narrowing the operation quantify by the digital program by the 2010. And during the 2009, the profit of the Tesco was reached 550 million pounds.The measure of Tesco provides much convenience for cater to operate the service. attended by the operation, they will have outbound logistics problems. It is concentrating on delivering the goods to the customer. Currently, Tesco adds the home pitch service. However, there are many methods need to be improved such as parking facilities, handcarts, module and systems to get competitive advantage. If it could be implemented more effectively than other firms, it would make their consumers save more time. And the staff could make the facilities available and convenient for consumers to get quickly.Tesco has the leadership and effective outland logistics. The company has invented many measures to satisfy consumers’ dem ands like the small Express and one-step stores and fast door-to-door delivery service. It is very important to considering the marketing and sales. The following one is the marketing and sales. As the leading company, Tesco has its strategy to attach to consumers. The Tesco Clubcard is invented to attract more people to go shopping to Tesco instead of other competitors. Consumers who keep the cards can get much discounts and integration. Actually, advertisement is necessary as well.Tesco could attract more consumers by the advertisement via the television, radio and local countersignpaper. And they could get much information about the products and discounts. subsequently selling, service becomes the most significant active. As the principle of fast and easy, when the consumers enter into the supermarket, the tender shopping environment may make them relaxed. Various sectors are responsible for their respective responsibilities; staffs provide the best personal service to consum ers so that consumers can go shopping easily and comfortably. All of these reflect the confidant service for consumers. Here are the support activities.The procurement is the procedure of obtaining the various contributions to the primary activities. The key point of the firm infrastructure is planning, finance and controlling the system to improve the firm’s strategic ability. The company should focus on improving the establishment of the infrastructure so that consumers could go shopping more convenient. The human resource management includes recruitment management and staff development. The aim of the Tesco is to add differert types of schemes and develop the recruitment plan, then train more excellent staff to provide the best service for consumers.The development of technology is a significant competitive advantage for a company. The advanced scientific level could add higher brand value. Tesco is the first supermarket that invented the self-checkout in UK. And it provi des great convenience to consumers. Conclusion: In this essay, I analyse the UK supermarket industry by using Five Forces (Michael Porter 1979) firstly. Through the analysis, it is clearly that the threat of new entrants, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products are pretty low for UK supermarket industry.The firms in UK do not pay much attention to those threats above. The power of competitive rivalry among the existing companies is very strong. The competition among the existing supermarkets is rather drastic. All companies need to figure out effective strategies in order to prevent their consumers changing their brand selections. And secondly, I analyse the value chain (Michael Porter 1985) of Tesco. As the largest retailer in UK, Tesco has an excellent industrial chain for supply and demand. The primary activities could ensure the firm can gain more margins by thoroughgoing(a) supply chain management, operation, sales and service.\r\n look a t also: Reed Supermarkets: a refreshful Wave of CompetitorsThe support activities like great human resource management, advanced IT system provide support to ensure the primary activities could be operated. With the excellent primary activities and support activities, Tesco obtains more than 30 percent market share in UK. Reference Porter, M E (1980) Competitive dodging: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors (Free Press) Johnson, G and Scholes, K (2007) Exploring Corporate Strategy (Prentice Hall) Besanko, D Dranove, D Shanley, M and Scharfer, S (2007), Eonomics of Strategy (Wiley) Porter M E (1985) Competitive Advantage (Free Press) Tesco available at ttp://www. slideshare. net/j4g2r/tesco-presentation Growing the UK core available at http://ar2011. tescoplc. com/business-review/growing-the-uk-core. html â€Å"Tesco share turnaround (plus an update on grocery price pompousness” available at TNS Global http://www. tnsglobal. com/news/news56F59E8A99C8428989E9B E66187D5792. aspx Euromonitor (2010), ‘Industry Profile †Food sell’, Euromonitor International, 2010 Tesco available at http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tesco Tesco (2010), ‘Annual answer for and Review 2010’, Tesco. Available at http://ar2010. tescoplc. com/en/downloads. aspx\r\n'

'Customer Retention Strategies Essay\r'

'Assume you atomic number 18 doing a schoolroom presentation on guest be largeings strategies. Reread your responses to the What Do You Think? questions that you sinless throughout this chapter. 1.What argon some religious serving places and practices that promote retaining guests? guest retention describe to a strategy with the purpose of doing whatsoever it takes to keep a company’s current nodes on a long term basis (Gibson, 2012). Retaining customers is enabled by fine customer utility that produces many positivist benefits for the organization. Retaining customers through effective customer benefit enables easier growth, indirectly and directly. When the customers are cheerful and cheerful then the staff is happy as well (2009).\r\nYou end alter the customer stimulation by offering discounts, promotions and having quick sales efforts leave behind keep a relationship with your customer and attract them to acquire more(prenominal) of the products or service you sell. Upon the organization, you trick keenly monitor the customers for signs of attrition much(prenominal) as a decrease/ attach in calls. If you develop a circumstantial campaign strategy then you provide prevent high risk customers and you go away be able to retain in more swiftly manner. When you wad improve the precision and clarity of your billing process, you can go a long management toward minimizing customer worry. Increasing the power of the service organization and the sales team to reference point customer complaints promptly and offer retention-oriented promotions are other ways to appease dissatisfy customers. When doing this, you are addressing the key sources of customer dissatisfaction (2011). 2.What service issues must be carefully communicate by the CSRs to retain customers over a long period of time?\r\nAn angry, disgruntled customer. When dealing with these customers, mind to what they concord to evidence while they explain their probl em. Offer an apologia and empathize with them even if you don’t agree with their complaint, you letting them know that you can and might come up a solution to help them. After things have been solved, do a follow up with them. 3. Which skills should CSRs demonstrate that keep customers returning for more products? You always want to keep your customers happy and satisfied so they can move on doing business with the company. Communicate and listen to your customers.\r\nWhen you listen to your customers, you can find out what they needs and wants are. Ask questions concerning them like: How you doing? Is your day going okay? Did you enjoy the product or service that you purchased? Let them know that you esteem their business. Keep a positive attitude with the customers. Smile when you are talking to the customer; if you are on the phone shut away smile even though the customer can’t see it, they will feel it. Speak clearly leaven not to talk so speedy to where th e customer can understand you. snuff it but not least persist in objective. Your goal is to make sure they are happy. I think if the CSRs use these skills, they wouldn’t have any problems losing customers.\r\nReferences:\r\nCustomer portion. (2009). Retrieved June 1, 2014, from www.businessballs.com: http://www.businessballs.com Gibson, P. (2012). Customer Retention. In P. Gibson, World of Customer Service (p. 118). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Thorton, V. (2011, December 14). Three Keys to Attracting and Retaining Customers or Clients. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from www.evanmichael.com: http://www.evanmichael.com\r\n'

'Organisational/Individual Environment Essay\r'

'The relationship between individuals and their take to the woodsplace is mostly determined by their pauperism, the driving force buns actions. Therefore want is defined as the attend that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of labour toward attaining a goal (Robins,). Research conducted in this battlefield has a subsequent effect on cargon styles. Motivation theories be basically divided in two basic categories. The earliest unmatchables foc used on content, what actually motivates pot, were fol junior-gradeed by dish theories where the focus is on the actual process of want.\r\nMaslow(1943) introduced the hierarchy of fatality penury sup bearing which is the most widely established theory and it still influences focussing today. Maslow suggested that people accept v kinds of inevitably namely physiological, pr until nowtive, love, esteem and self-actualisation. People atomic number 18 trying to satisfy them following an a scending coiffure. It is necessity to satisfy a lower ranked collect in effect to move to a laid-back ranked star. Maslow’s theory was been criticised as puny evidence was in support of that theory. Most people tend to be partially satisfied at each level and partially unsatisfied.\r\nIn earlier motivational research physiological needs were conjugated with currency. Gellerman suggested that security safety needs discount be provided through bang benefits and as life insurance. Taylor (1911) located great emphasis on coin and argued that motivation comes from economic needs. He also proposed that a erudition should be substantial for each element of a man’s spring. that research has sh avow that for low pay calculateers money is not a computable enough motivator. To what extend and how important depends clearly on ad hominem circumstances Taylor tried to eliminate clement mis jams at throw. Taylor’s theory still influences production lin es today. However in industry today workers ar seen as humans and emphasis is tump overn on their training and professional development. Smith (1999) conducted a excogitate in order to evaluate the strength of pecuniary incentives and the content of employment as motivators to work, in supportive staff in the NHS and Hotel and Leisure industry.\r\nIt was found that the rate of pay had very little influence on participants stemma expiation and subsequent work motivation despite the contrary belief of their line managers. This suggests miss of communication between focusing and staff and non-aw atomic number 18ness of their needs. educate opportunities did exist for ancillary staff exclusively in that respect was little in material bodyation on them. Farren recognised salry and fringe benefits as extrinsic motivation while as inalienable motivation when the individual has the opportunity to use his own ability and appreciation.\r\nMoney in the form of incentives is not an adequate motivator for people stock-still Hersey & axerophthol; Blanchard (1982) recognised the symbolic value of money as the buying power they back tooth set apart to individuals. In support of the abstract value of money McClelland suggested that there are four basic motives that driving individuals, achievement, power and affiliation and avoidance. It was observed that individuals, which are high achievers, prefer situations where they have personal responsibility for their comeance, mountain receive clear and unambiguous feedback and the task is of check up on task difficulty. In this theory money were seen as symbolising successful task performance and goal achievement [cited in Mullins(2002)].\r\nAs far as social affiliation needs are refer it is a mutual construeing that people bid to interact and be with freshly(prenominal)s in situation where they olfactory sensation comfortable. They tend to compose small informal groups in order to find support when they have no support over work. This bear result in reduction of productivity in which management cannot have falsify over. However when strategic goals are in accord with individual ones then those informal groups can work to the benefit of management. Managers are then invited to find ways to attract employees in sharing accomp whatsoever objectives. The need for esteem is associated with prestige and power that comes from the position that someone has or it can be personal. eventually Self-actualisation refers to competence and achievement.\r\nAlderler condensed Maslow’s five needs into trinity and came up with existence which refer to physiological and safety needs, relatedness which refer to love and ripenth which refer to the higher(prenominal) ranked needs esteem and self actualisation. He suggested that they form to a greater extent a continuum instead than world hierarchical in order. If gratification of needs at one level is blocked then management should be fo cused on satisfaction of needs at other levels.\r\nFollowing the same face of ranking of needs Harberg positive theory X and possibility Y. Herzberg (1959) conducted a conduct of 203 Accountants and Engineers where he asked them to draw situations where they felt good or bad well-nigh their jobs. Findings have shown that people were dissatisfied with their jobs when hygiene factors (extra-job factors) cor opposeing salary, interpersonal relationships, supervision, company policy, working conditions job security, spot and factors in personal life were not satisfied. However when there was the opportunity for growth people were exceedingly satisfied with their jobs itself, thus when motivators where in place. . It is noticeable the blow of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is not dissatisfaction or satisfaction consequently but simply lack of it. When hygiene factors are satisfied for ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele it does not consider that workers will feel motivated. Thi s study was replicated with different groups as well and similar findings were found\r\nProcess theories that were developed later focus on the actual process of motivation. Hawthorne studies sponsored by Harvand University and directed by Elton Mayo signalled the need for management to study and understand relationships among people. It emphasised direction of autonomy, employee autonomy, trust and openness, interpersonal dynamics, and co-operation instead of competition (Reis & deoxyadenosine monophosphate;Pena, 2001).\r\nVroom(2000) has introduced the Expectancy theory. accord to that theory effort, performance, reward and personal goals are inter-linked and interdependent. People are influenced by the judge results of their actions. The pick of doings is based on forecast of most favourable consequences. To describe that nip of expect satisfaction out of a specific final result Vroom used the term ‘valence’. The cognitive Evaluation theory, which was develop ed subsequently, could be applied to jobs, which are neither dull nor interesting. Here what is important is self-efficacy not job satisfaction thus oscilloscope and achieving goals. In that process self generated feedback is a more ruling motivator.\r\nIn that process of setting up goals and achieving them Adams with the paleness Theory found that people tend to discriminate them selves with others and therefore concerned with mean(a) treatment [cited at Anderson, 2002]. For example employees compare the rewards and promotional opportunities that they have with other employees, which can result in feelings of disappointment when they observe their performance equal but the financial rewards unequal. As a result of feeling inequity individuals mogul falsify the inputs and outcomes or might even rack them cognitively. They might decide to leave the field or become aggressive and act on others unrelated to the subject of comparison. Finally they might decide to change the obj ect of comparison.\r\nThe individual thinks that he should be awarded in a certain way, what Porter and Lawler names sensed equitable reward. When the perceived equitable rewards are greater than the actual ones dissatisfaction occurs. That is a republic of mind sooner that a permanent condition. Farren suggests that when needs or expectations are hindered the individual can react with either a constructive behaviour or frustration. The outcomes of constructive behaviour leads to problem solving or restructuring while frustration can cause aggression, fixation, withdrawal or even dis situated aggression where the person in question is direct his aggression to a colleague other than the one who is the source of frustration.\r\nFollowing on from goal setting as a motivator Thomas has developed the theory of Intrinsic Motivation were emphasis was placed on the source of motivation. Individuals have a motivation, which stems from them selves rather than imposed by managers when a) th ey have the right of choice and can select form different activities b) can show competence, thus that they can skilfully perform the chosen tasks. This adds meaning fullness to the task and the feeling that a worthy task single-valued function is pee-peed. As individuals advance in achieving the task’s purpose they can demonstrate some progress [cited in Mullins, (2002)]\r\nDouglas McGregor(1960)made a major contribution to the tarradiddle of motivation theory with his Theory X and Theory Y. harmonise to theory X, which is the one traditionally followed by managers, most people prefer to be directed. They are not interested in assuming responsibility, what they need is safety. Managers structure, control and supervise external control appropriate for puerile workers. This theory is questioned because as we live in a democratic society, with an increasing level of education and regulation of living people must be commensurate of a more hop on behaviour. In Theory Y h owever it is suggested that people are not by nature lazy and unreliable but can be self-directed and creative if motivated. That creates an substantive task for management, which is to unleash this potential in individuals. right on motivated people can achieve their own goals best by directing their own efforts towards accomplishing organisational goals. Argyris(1993) was in support of that theory and argued that following bureaucratic or pyramidal values leads to poor, shallow and mistrustful relationships.\r\n humane and democratic values can nurture an milieu for trusting and authentic relationships. Argyris suggests that as people grow up and mature the same process take place at work. People develop from a stage of dependency upon others as infants to a state or relative independence as adults. Their interests are becoming deeper and stronger. Furthermore they move from being coadjutor to being equal or at a superior position. According to Argyris’ theoritical find ings management is challenged to provide a work climate where everybody has the chance to grow and mature as individuals while working for the success of the organisation.\r\nIn the 1980’s in America a new movement was to be initiated, Total Quality Management, which influenced management style of the two following decades greatly (Reis & Pena, 1999). It supported employee empowerment and decent treatment of people. by and by that movement the idea of re-engineering was due to influence management until today. According to that, work processes are re-thought and streamlined. Work satisfaction was to be enhanced by the creation of multi-skilled teams who real considerable responsibility. However as it was later be in times of recession re-engineering became the synonymous of curtailment in businesses. Management was more interested in cutting costs by reducing work force and not improving the work processes. According to Reis & Pena ‘Management forgot the empl oyee, the customer, and quality’ p. 673.\r\nAlternatively Reis & Pena suggest that managers should try and understand the people they work with and vice versa. The key here is to remove barriers to motivation. Rabey (2001) is monition us that there are some limits as to how much managers can motivate employees as they can only create the right purlieu for individuals to respond to motivation voluntary. Rabey continues by making some more practical suggestions about how to achieve that motivating environment in the piece of work at different stages of employees’ work history from selection to retention. At the stage of interview he suggests that the interviewers as well as the interviewee must have an honest approach and disclose any information about the company and the applicant accordingly so that to achieve the best match. According to Rabey surveys of employees in recent years have shown that a workplace should meet some certain standards in order to stimula te motivation.\r\nThese include goal setting, participation, recognition, and communication fair wages, training, teamwork and innovation. These preconditions for motivation are also included in the latest content theories, i.e Theory Y, Intrinsic Motivation, Expentacy Theory. Rabey goes one and defines the golden mean for a manager/leader. He reckons that a manager should be something between a manager where he manages and gets results from planning, control and compliance and a leader who leads and motivated followers choose to give commitment. Managers can play a unique portion in building trust and co-operation with employees, which is the foundation to success. Tietjen and Myers(1998) leave off that ‘it is the work itself that brings fulfilment and Maslow’s higher order of needs into being’p.231. For management this means that they are challenged to create the necessary conditions so that the fulfilment gained from doing the job is expected daily. In the l ines of effective interpersonal relationships at work Orpen (1997) found in a study that mentoring can improve motivation.\r\nMotivational research and organisational history suggests that management should adopt a more customer-focused style. During the in the end century research as well as management practice has moved from recognising as money incentives as the strongest motivator to placing emphasis on the employee and the intrinsic motivation that he has. The focus is now on the actual process of motivation and managers are called to create the necessary conditions in the workplace for their employees to achieve common company objectives. The ultimate goal is to have authorize workers, able to take an active role in the pursue of their career oriented goals and his objectives are in accordance with the ones shared by management.\r\nReferences\r\nAnderson, N. (Ed); O., Deniz S. (Ed); et-al. (2002). Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Volume 2: Organiza tional psychology. (pp. 53-76)\r\nArgyris,-Chris (1993) On Organisational Learning. Cambridge, MA, US: Blackwell Business/Blackwell Publishers.\r\nHesley, P. & Blanchard, K. (4th edition) Management of Organisational behavior: Utilising Human Resources\r\nMcGregor,-Douglas (1960) The human side of enterprise, New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.\r\nMullins (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, pp 418- 448\r\nOrpen, C. The Effects of formal mentoring on employee work motivation, organisational commitment and job performance in The Learning Organisation: An International Journal, 1997 Vol 4, No 2 pp. 53-60\r\nRabey G. B. Motivation is Response in Industrial and commercial Training, 2001 Vol. 33, No 1 pp.26-28\r\nRobins S. R. Organisational Behaviour (10th Edition) Pearson\r\nSmith, L. An Evaluation of programmes for staff motivation in NHS and hotel ancillary staff Facilities 1999, Vol 17, No 7/8 pp.264-271\r\nTietjen M. A. & Myers, R. M. Motivation and theorize Satisfaction in Management Decision 1998, Vol 36 No 4, pp. 226-231\r\nVroom,V. H. Leadership and the decision-making process. Organisational-Dynamics. 2000 Vol 28(4): 82-94\r\nBibliography\r\nWetherell M. (1996) Identities Groups and Social Issues Sage Publications: capital of the United Kingdom\r\n'

'English Language and English Proficiency Levels\r'

'Carrie Wertepny Domain 1: Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) euphony 1: Culture as a Factor in ELLs’ Learning wherefore be having Domains and Standards signifi assholet to teachers? Domains and Standards play a wide part in giving teachers indicators on their childrens performances. We as teachers need certain domains and standards on breaking and monitoring the childrens performances end-to-end the schoolroom. Having standards tout ensembleows us as teachers to indicate their levels of great power and performances to be met. Their are three levels of standards that rump be calculated on the childrens ability how sanitary they perform.The three fictional characters of standards that teachers subroutine are Approaches Standards, Meet Standards and Exceeds Standards. ( 2003. by teachers of side of meat speakers of other(a) verbiages, Inc, TESOL ) In Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) the first domain of five. This is an master(prenominal) factor in ELLs to learn and recognize the dustup hit the sackledge from the several(a) backgrounds. The most recent glance says in (2005-2006) the population of ELLs is up approximately 10 percent of the total public naturalize enrolled and increase e precise year. (Why TESOL? pg 5-6) Why TESOL?States, â€Å"Providing for the position run-in learners is peerless of the school di sets grea block out challenges. ” Their are many indicators we can make subprogram of to armed service us engage in our childrens diversity. Some ideas I found interesting to service of process would be, dis contend artifacts from several(a) cultures. Celebrating ethnic holidays throughout the year would be a great way to declare others and help the children feel comfortable. I believe that getting to know your disciples background and engaging in their life stories result help us succeed and be strong in their teaching for ELLs and their various(a) background. death pena lty Indicators 1. 1. a. project and generate association closely cultural values and beliefs in the context of teaching and larn of ELLs, from diverse backgrounds and at alter English advance levels. 1. 1. b. Understand and book knowledge of concepts of cultural competence, particularly knowledge or so how cultural identities collide with learning and academic hap for educatees from diverse backgrounds and at change English advancement levels. 1. 1. c. Use a range of resources in learning some(predicate) the cultural experiences of ELLs and their families to guide curriculum fixing and instruction. . 1. d. Understand and take for knowledge or so(predicate) the set up of racism, stereotyping, and discrimination in teaching and learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at variable English attainment levels. 1. 1. e. Understand and apply knowledge about home/school connections to build partnerships with ELLs’ families (e. g. , Parent Leadership Counci ls (PLC)). 1. 1. f. Understand and apply knowledge about concepts get in touchd to the interrelationship amidst speech communication and culture for pupils from diverse backgrounds and at varying English technique levels. argumentation| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| indicate that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 1. 1| Why Tesol? fellowters 1-4| Victor video, You render| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Domain 3: Methods of Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages (ESOL) Standard 1: ESL/ESOL Research and History Teachers construct demonstrate knowledge of history, public policy, look into and on-line(prenominal) practices in the field of ESL/ESOL teaching and apply this knowledge to improve teaching and learning for ELLs. chat committed paper) Performance Indicators 3. 1. a. pose knowledge of L2 teaching methods in their historical context. 3. 1. b. butt against awareness of current enquiry relevant to best practices in second spoken language and literacy instruction. 3. 1. c. Demonstrate knowledge of the evolution of laws and policy in the ESL profession, including program models for ELL instruction. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 3. 1| Why Tesol? School research paper and Reserch| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyperlinks to (attached text files must be saved in the Portfolio folder) Attachment(s): School research paper URL(s): Summary: See attached paper, for Domains 1,3,5 Domain 5: judgement (ESOL interrogatory and Evaluation) Standard 1: sound judgment Issues for ELLS Teachers leave project and apply knowledge of judgement issues as they affect the learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels.Examples overwhelm cultural and linguistic preconceived opinion; scrutiny in two languages; sociopolitical and psychological factors; limited education testing and assessing giftedness; the importance of standards; the difference amidst formative and summative perspicacity; and the difference between language proficiency and other types of sound judgement (e. g. , standardise achievement tests). Teachers will also study issues most accountability. This includes the implications of standardise discernment as opposed to performance- base assessments, and issues of accommodations in formal testing situations.As teachers it is very essential to understand and beware of the different testing and assessing the students. proveing and assessment are two very different things. Mitchell (1992) states that a test is a â€Å"single-occasion, one-dimensional, and timed exercise, usually in multiple choice or short-answer form. ” (Why Tesol, pp 201)  Tests are wedded in the same time frame and the conditions never change. They call these standardized tests. Not all standardized tests work for everyone, e surplusly English Language Learners (Ell) s . An assessment on a student is a make on a wider range of a scale.We as teachers need to get a more spoken assessment on the knowledge, background, history, language where the (ELL)s came from. Upon entering a new school for the first time, us as teachers need to know everything about our student’s background and language. We ask every parent or guardian to fill out an Home Language Survey (HLS) which in tails about 3-5 questions about their language utilise at home. This (HLS) will give us an indication how much school the student has had and a background about their family as well as their endemic language.It is up to administrators to make accepted the students are set the right way and teachers to watch and document their language egress throughout the year. As for the testing and assessing, formal and cozy are a type of assessment that is brought in to teach ESL students. It is authorised to test them on their linguistic skills, which include, phonology, morp hology, syntax, and vocabulary. These are just language assessments instruments that are used to date the results on what is cosmos taught by teachers. Formal measures are based on standardized test.They are very structured, timed and expert to be habituated and administered by very strict rules. It is sometimes very hard for and (ELL)s to take a formal test due to their reading,writing capabilities. As for informal measures, they are a little more custody on learning. As teachers we can do activities and determine students strengths unwrittenly and visually. Their is no set time and can be given in various languages non just English. It is very primal the student is assessed correctly for the correct placement in his/her program.It is also very important to understand the federal laws that coincide with the refer educational opportunities for all students regardless of national origin, ethnicity,or languages. (Why TESOL? , 2010)  The bear decree was a law that was pas sed that consists of six different principals to be met in each section. Each (ELL)s student has to be assessed in six steps which include: identification, grant and categorical programming (LEP), personnel, monitoring and case measures. (Why TESOl? pp 210) After the (ELL)s are measured they now are placed in a certain level.Levels such as (A1- E) each of these levels indicate what (ESOL) service or basic program they will be placed into. Making sure the proper assessments are given before, during and after school is very critical to ones learning. The very initial start of school is the most important evaluation and steps that need to be interpreted to follow the correct standards and laws for the English Language Learner. Performance Indicators 5. 1. a. Demonstrate an understanding of the purposes of assessment as they relate to ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. b.Identify a compartmentalization of assessment procedures appropriate f or ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. c. Demonstrate an understanding of appropriate and valid language and literacy assessments for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. d. Demonstrate understanding of the advantages and limitations of assessments, including the array of accommodations allowed for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. e. Distinguish among ELLs’ language differences, giftedness, and special education needs.Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 1| Why Tesol? Chapters 22-26| Power point/ You pipe| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment: Teachers will appropriately uses and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to support district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and materialisation of language growth of ELLs from diverse ackgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will explicate the justness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Factors influencing the assessment of English Language Learners are very important to understand. Language factors and guidelines consist of: * Different linguistic backgrounds- * variable levels of proficiency in English * Varying levels of proficiency in native language Educational oscilloscope Factors: * Varying degrees of formal schooling in native Language Cultural factors can also be a great source that adds compl runy of appropriate assessing and (ELL)s student.T To plan the assessment, polls are taken by the general student population, which includes English Language Learners. Test taking is a way to getting a clear and valid interpretation of the students ability. exam is through with(p) for all major purposes. They can be used to evaluate readiness for advancement, or for remediation. It is very important according to the laws that modifications must be made for ESOL students, based on the level and language skills of comprehension. It is very crucial that teachers don’t wait until the â€Å"know teeming” to instruct the, in school content. Educational interrogation Service, 2009, ETS, the ETS logo) It so happens that in many states, ESOL students who have been in the ESOL program for less than two years skill be exempted from taking other testing. It is very important that the ESOL committee and school districts of that state evaluate all testing for ELL learners. (Why TESOL? p. 223-225) Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL examen and Evaluation) Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment Teachers will appropriately use and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to meet district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction.Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Performance Indicators 5. 2. a. Understand and implement district, state, and federal requirements for identification, reclassification, and exit of ELLs from language support programs, including requirements of the LULAC Consent Decree. 5. 2. b. Identify and use a variety of assessment procedures for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and varying English proficiency levels. . 2. c. Use multiple sources of info to assess ELLs’ language and literacy skills and communicative competence. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 2a5. 3b| Why TEOL? Chap 25| Online E-Learning Journel| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 3: Classroom-Based Assessment for ELLS Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning.Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders Colorin Colorado (2007) states â€Å" everyday assessments (also called authentic or alternative) allow teachers to track the current patterned advance of their students regularly and often. While standardized tests measure students at a particular point in the year, ongoing assessments provide continual snapshots of where students are throughout the school year.By using informal assessments, teachers can purpose students specific problem areas, adapt instruction, and intervene anterior rather than later. ” Adapted from: Easte rn Stream nerve centre on Resources and Training (ESCORT). (2003). Help! They dont speak English. appetizer Kit for Primary Teachers. Oneonta, NY: State University College. It is important to identify and develop certain assessments in a classroom. We as teachers can use performance based assessments by evaluating the language proficiency and schooling through oral reports, speeches, demonstrations, written work and personal portfolios.Here some examples of assessment activities that are geared up for ELL students, for their English speech proficiency. * Reading buddies * Story telling * Role playing * Visual prompts with writing * Oral note taking * Telling a story with picture books * playing fun games * Brainstorming with buddies These are some of hundreds of ideas for teachers to develop assessments with different techniques and tools. Teachers can track their growth an ability for placement for the student. Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation)Standard 3: Class room-Based Assessment for ELLs Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders.Performance Indicators 5. 3. a. Use performance-based assessment tools and tasks that measure ELLs’ progress in English language and literacy development. 5. 3. b. Understand and use criterion-referenced assessments appropriately with ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 3. c. Use various tools and techniques to assess content-area learning (e. g. , math, science, social studies) for ELLs at varying levels of English language and literacy development. 5. 3. d.P repare ELLs to use self- and peer-assessment techniques, when appropriate. 5. 3. e. Assist ELLs in developing obligatory test-taking skills. 5. 3. f. Assess ELLs’ language and literacy development in classroom settings using a variety of authentic assessments, e. g. , portfolios, checklists, and rubrics. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 3a,5. 3c5. 3d| Why TESOL? | http://www. colorincolorado. org/educators/assessment/informal/| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |\r\n'

'Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 29~31\r'

'29\r\n safe(p) in the Hands of Medicine\r\nâ€Å"How argon you tinge today?” Sebastian Curtis pulled the fix of paper mound to forgathers knees and lifted the pilot lamps infirmary g confess. forega in that respectr flinched when the reconstruct touched the catheter. â€Å"Better,” close in state. â€Å"That social function is itching, though.”\r\nâ€Å"Its healing.” The mend palpated the lymph nodes in pull togetherers crotch. His hands were moth- decimateen and crumple shivered at the touch. â€Å"The infection is subsiding. This happened to you in the plane sever?”\r\nâ€Å"I fell funda gaypowert on s fallly levers while I was trying to get a passenger a ramp of the plane.”\r\nâ€Å"The hooker?” The renovate didnt disembodied spirit up from his work.\r\n insert wanted to throw the sheets oer his head and hide. Instead, he state, â€Å"I dont suppose it would fuck dispatch a difference if I said I didnt get by she was a hooker.”\r\nSebastian Curtis h sure-enough(a) rumped up and grind; his eyes were light gray flecked with orange. With his gray hair and tropic tan, he could oblige been a re-tired general, Rommel perchance. â€Å"Im non in truth concerned with what the woman was doing there. What does concern me is that you had been drunkennessing. We basint overhear that here, Mr. b experiencedness. You may have to navigate on a moments nonice, so you wont be able to drink or plunder in any another(prenominal) chemical diversions. I assume that wont pose a problem.”\r\nâ€Å"No. N hotshot,” Tuck said, that he felt kindred hed been germinate with a bag of sand. Hed been craving a drink since hed regained consciousness. â€Å"By the way, Doc, since were way out to be doing business together, maybe you should blazon out me stick.”\r\nâ€Å"Tucker it is,” Curtis said. â€Å"And you can call me Dr. Curtis.” He smiled once ag ain.\r\nâ€Å"S easy. And your wifes name is?”\r\nâ€Å"Mrs. Curtis.”\r\nâ€Å"Of course.”\r\nThe doctor fini send packing his examination and pulled the sheet back up to Tucks waist. â€Å"You should be on your feet in a hardly a(prenominal) age. Well snuff it you to your bungalow this afternoon. I bet youll meet e trulything you rent there, still if you do need anything, please let us know.”\r\nA gin and tonic, Tuck thought. â€Å"Id equal to find out what happened to the guy who was piloting my boat.”\r\nâ€Å"As I t sr. you, the islanders let you and a few pieces of your boat.” at that place was a decisiveness in his voice that make it clear that he didnt want to call down most Kimi or the boat.\r\nTuck pressed on. Respect for authority had never been his farthersighted suit. â€Å"I guess Ill regard a finish out when I get out of here. Maybe he swear out up on a different recrudesce of the island. I intend being hu ng in a tree with him by an archaic cannibal.”\r\nTuck truism a frown cross the doctors award worry a fleeting shadow, thusly the professional smile was back. â€Å"Mr. Case, there havent been any cannibals in these islands for a carbon years. Be spots, I result have to ask you to detain inside the compound while you be here. Youll have access to beaches and theres plenty of populate to roam, bargonly you wont be having any contact with the islanders.”\r\nâ€Å"why, I implicate if they save me?”\r\nâ€Å"The Shark peck have a very closed society. We try not to intrude on that any more than is necessary for us to do our work.”\r\nâ€Å"The Shark People? Why the Shark People?”\r\nâ€Å"Ill explain it all to you when you argon feeling better. dear now you need to rest.” The doctor took a syringe from a metal drawer by the besiege and filled it from a vial of clear fluid, then injected it into Tucks IV. â€Å"When do you gauge y oull be ready to gasify?”\r\nTuck felt as if a humeral veil of gauze had been thrown everywhere his mind. Everything in the room went soft and fuzzy. â€Å"Not reliable curtly if you accompaniment giving me that occlude. Wow, what was that? Hey, youre a doctor. Do you think we reek bid Spam?”\r\nHe was departure to ask other question, only when nearhow it didnt await to social occasion anymore.\r\nThe prestidigitator stormed into the Sky Priestesss bungalow, stripped mangle his research lab coat, and threw it into the corner. He went to the overt kitchen, ripped open the freezer, pulled out a frosty fifth of Absolut, and poured a triple shooter into a water glass that froze and steamed kindred dry ice in the humidity. â€Å"Malink lied,” he said. whence he tossed back half the glass and grab furnish his temples when the cold hit his brain.\r\nThe Sky Priestess searched up from her magazine. â€Å"A diminished stressed, darling?” Sh e was lying out on the lanai, au naturel(predicate) except for a wide-brimmed straw hat, her clean lop shining in the sun the like pearl.\r\nThe Sorcerer joined her and fell onto a chaise ambush, a hand still clamped on his temples. â€Å"Case judges there was another man with him on the island. He said an old cannibal hung them in a tree.”\r\nâ€Å"I heard him,” the Sky Priestess said. â€Å"Hes delirious?”\r\nâ€Å"I dont think so. I think Malink lied. That they be the boat pilot and didnt tell us.”\r\nShe locomote next to him on the chaise lounge and pried the glass of vodka out of his hand. â€Å"So bowl everywhere the ninjas on a search mission. Youre paying them. They ability as well do whatsoeverthing.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats not an pickaxe and you know it.”\r\nâ€Å"Well, then go yourself. Or call Malink on it. Tell him that you know there was another man and you want him brought here chop-chop.”\r\nâ€Å"I think wer e losing them, Beth. Malink wouldnt have dared lie to me a month ago. Its that dream. He dreams that Vincent is sending them a pilot, then you tell him its not true, then a pilot washes up on the reef.”\r\nThe Sky Priestess drained the glass of vodka and handed it back to him discharge. â€Å"Yeah, nothing fucks up a good theology like the intervention of a real god.”\r\nâ€Å"I wish you wouldnt talk that way.”\r\nâ€Å"So what are you going to do, after you get a refill, I mean?”\r\nThe Sorcerer looked up at her as if noticing her for the first off while. â€Å"Beth, what are you doing out here? The Priestess of the Sky does not have a tan.”\r\nShe reached under the chaise lounge and came up with a p codaic bottle of lotion. â€Å"SPF 90. Relax, ‘Bastian, this stuff would hold me creamy innocence in a nuclear flare. You want to rub some on me?” She pushed her hat back on her head so he could see the predator seriousness in her ey es.\r\nâ€Å"Beth, please. Im on the cusp of a crisis here.”\r\nâ€Å"Its not a crisis. Its obvious why the Shark People are getting restless.”\r\nâ€Å"It is?”\r\nâ€Å"No peerless has been chosen in over two months, ‘Bastian.”\r\nHe shook his head. â€Å"Case isnt ready to fly.”\r\nâ€Å"Well, get him ready.”\r\n30\r\nFashion Statements\r\nKimi sit graduate under a coconut laurel wr polish offh away of the bachelors house sulking. His flowered ad secure was g iodine and he wore a blue thu, the long saronglike loin-cloth worn by the Shark men. Gone too was his blond wig, his heights heels, and his best friend, Roberto, who he had not seen since the cannibal tree. at one clip it looked as if he had no military position to sleep. Sepie had thrown him out.\r\nSepie came out of the bachelors house wearing Kimis floral deck out and glared at him. She paused on the red coral pathway. â€Å"I am not a monkey,” she said. Th en she picked up a stone from the path and hurled it at him, barely scatty his head.\r\nKimi scuffled to the leeward side of the tree and realiseked around. â€Å"I didnt adduce you were a monkey. I said that if you didnt shave your legs, you would soon look like a monkey.”\r\nA waver whizzed by his face so close he could feel the wind of it. She was getting more unblemished with each throw. â€Å"You know nothing,” she said. â€Å"You are just a girl-man.”\r\nKimi dug a stone from the sand at his feet and hurled it at her, but his heart wasnt in it and it helpless her by five feet. In English he said, â€Å"You just a poxy oar with a big tattle.” He hoped this verbal missile hit closer to home. They were the last words of Malcolme, Kimis pimp back in Ma-nila. In retrospect, Malcolmes mistake had been one of memory. He had forgotten that the too made-up little girl standing(a) in nominal head of him with a machete was, in fact, a wiry young man w ith the anger of hundreds of b eat onings electrocution in his memory.\r\nâ€Å"I no have the pox,” Kimi said to Malcolme, whose look of surprise remained fixed even as his head rolled into the corner of the\r\nhotel room, where a grass darted out and gently licked his shortened neck.\r\nâ€Å"I no have the pox,” Sepie said in English, punctuating her arguing with a thrown lump of coral.\r\nâ€Å"I know,” Kimi said. â€Å"Im dismal I say that.” He skulked off down the beach.\r\nSepie stood outside the bachelors house watching him, totally disarmed. No man had ever apologized to her onward.\r\nKimi hadnt meant to hurt her feelings. Sometimes it takes a thick skin to trade beauty tips with a girlfriend. Sepie was naturally picturesque, but she didnt understand fashion. Why pain sen sit downion to put on a pretty dress if youre going to have monkey legs and tufts of hair suspension system out from under your arm making it look like bats hanging there ?\r\nBats. Kimi mazed Roberto.\r\nThe Shark men wouldnt talk to him, the women ignored him, except for Sepie, who was angry at him now, and even Tucker had been interpreted away to the other side of the island. Kimi was lonely. And as he walked down the beach, past the children p get downing with a accomplished frigate bird, past the men lounging in the shade of an empty boathouse, his loneliness mooted to anger. He turned up the beach and took a path into the village to look for a weapon. It was time to go see the old cannibal.\r\nOutside each of the houses, near the alter sheds, stood an beseech spike †a pick head that was dictated into the ground and used to husk coconuts. Kimi halt at one house and yanked on the spike, but it wouldnt budge. He move between the houses, vacant now in the early morning, the women working in the taro field, the men lounging in various patches of shade. He peeked into a cook shed, and there, by the pot that held the crust of this morning s rice, he tack a long chefs spit. He looked around to stigma sure that no one was watching, then bolted into the shed and snatched the injure, fitting it into his thu so that only the handle protruded at the small of his back.\r\nTen minutes later he was hiding in a patch of hulk ferns, watching the old cannibal roll coconut husk fibers into rope on his leathery old thighs. He sat with his back against a palm tree, his legs straight out in front of him, twist the fibers that had been soaked and separated out of a basketball hoop and measuring by feel the right add to\r\nadd to the coil of cord that was building on the ground beside him. From time to time he halt and took a drink from a jar of milklike liquid that Kimi was sure was alcoholic tuba. Good, he was drunk.\r\nKimi moved slowly around the house, staying in the undergrowth of ferns and elephant ears, thrifty not to kick up any of the coral gravel that rang like broken glass if you didnt place your feet carefully.\ r\nOnce he was behind the old man, he drew the knife from the small of his back and moved forward to protrude that man who had eaten his friend.\r\nFrom the window of his sore quarters Tucker Case watched the Japanese guards move through with(predicate) the compound carrying palm fronds and broken branches, detritus of the typhoon, which they piled in an open space at the side of the hangar to dry in the sun. They were dressed like a police SWAT team, in sullen coveralls with baseball caps and paratrooper boots, and if he squinted, they looked like colossus worker ants cleaning out the nest. From time to time one of the guards would look toward his bungalow, then quickly turn away when he saw Tucker standing in the window in his pajamas. He had stipulation up waving to them after the first arcminute of being ignored.\r\nHed been in the one-room bungalow for four geezerhood now, but this was the first time hed felt well enough to get up and move around, other than to use the bathroom, which to his surprise, had hot and cold running water, a flush toilet, and a shower stall made of galvanized metal. The walls were tightly woven grass between a sturdy frame of teak and mahogany logs; the shock was unfinished teak, sanded smooth and criticize; and the furniture was caning with brightly colored cushions. A ceiling rooter spun languidly above a double bed that was draped with a canopy of mosquito netting. The windows looked out on the compound and hangar on one side and through a grove of palm trees to the nautical on the other. He could see sev-eral bungalows perched near the beach, a small dock, and the cinderblock hospital building, its tin roof armored with antennae, solar electric panels, and a massive artificial satellite dish.\r\nTuck backed away from the window and sat down on the caning cast. A few minutes on his feet and he felt exhausted. He was twenty pounds lighter than when he had leftover Houston and there wasnt a six-inch patch of skin on his organic structure that didnt have some\r\nkind of bandage on it. The doc had said that between the cuts on his arms, knees, and scalp, he had taken a hundred sutures. The first time he looked in the little mirror in his bathroom, he thought he was looking at a human version of the mangy fierce dog hed seen on Truk. His blue eyes lay like dull ice in deep- clan brown craters and his cheeks were drawn into his face like a mummified bog mans. His hair had been bleached white by the sun and stuck out in straw-dry tufts between pink patches where the doctor had shaved his scalp to stitch him up. He took small comfort in the fact that there were no women around to see him. No real women, anyway. The doctors wife, who came several times a day to bring him food or to sort his bandages, seemed robotic, like some Stepford/Barbie hybrid with the smooth sexless carriage of a mannequin and a personality pulled out of an Eisenhower-era lash commercial. She made the straight-laced cos metic reps from his past seem like a tribe of pillbox nympho hose hunters.\r\nThere was a tap on the door and Beth Curtis breezed in carrying a wooden dower tray with plates of pancakes and fresh fruit. â€Å"Mr. Case, youre up. Feeling better today?”\r\nShe set the tray down on the coffee table in front of him and stepped back. Today she was in pleated khaki puff and a white blouse with puffed shoulders. Her hair was buttoned back with a big white turn at the back of her neck. She magnate have just walked out of a Stewart Granger safari movie.\r\nâ€Å"Yes, better,” Tuck said, â€Å" precisely I wore myself out just walkway to the window.”\r\nâ€Å"Your body is still fighting off the infection. The doctor will be by soon to give you some antibiotics. For now you need to eat.” She sat on the chair across from him.\r\nTuck cut a divot out of the stack of pancakes with a fork and speared it through a piece of papaya. After the first bite, he realize d how hungry he really was and began wolfing down the pancakes.\r\nBeth Curtis smiled. â€Å"Have you had a chance to look over the manuals for the airplane?”\r\nTuck nodded, his mouth still full. Shed left the operations manuals on his bed two days ago. Hed leafed through them enough to know that he could fly the thing. He swallowed and said, â€Å"I used to fly a Lear 25 for Mary Jean. This one is a little faster and has longer range, but basically its the same. Shouldnt be a problem.”\r\nâ€Å"Oh, good,” she said, sporting one of her charge plate smiles. â€Å"When will you be able to fly?”\r\nTucker put down his fork. â€Å"Mrs. Curtis, I dont mean to be rude, but what in the hell is going on around here?”\r\nâ€Å"Regarding what, Mr. Case?”\r\nâ€Å"Well, first, regarding the man I came to this island with. I was sick, but I wasnt hallucinating. We were strung up in a tree by an old native guy and cut down by a bunch of others. What happened to my friend?”\r\nShe shifted in her chair, and the wicker crackled like snapping rat bones. â€Å"My husband told you what the islanders told us, Mr. Case. The natives live on the other side of the island. They have their own society, their own chief, their own laws. We try to take care of their medical cut backup needs and bring a few souls into the fold, but they are a private people. Ill ask them about your friend. If I find out anything, Ill let you know.” She stood and straightened the front of her slacks.\r\nâ€Å"Id appreciate that,” Tuck said. â€Å"I promised him Id get him back to Yap and I owe him some money. The natives didnt find my backpack, did they? My money was in it.”\r\nShe shook her head. â€Å"Just the garb you had on. We burned them. Fortunately, you and Sebastian are about the same size. Now, if youll ex-cuse me, Mr. Case, I have some work to do. Sebastian will be along in a bit with your medicine. Im bright youre fee ling better.” She turned and walked out the door into the glary sunlight.\r\nTucker stood and watched her walk across the compound. The Japanese guards stop their work and leered at her. She spun on them and waited, her hands on her hips, until one by one they lost their fortitude and returned to their work, not embarrassed but afraid, as if meet her direct gaze might turn them to frost. Tuck sat down to his half-eaten pancakes and shivered, thinking it must be the fever.\r\nA half minute of arc later the doctor entered the bungalow. Tucker was spread out on the couch descending into a nap. Theyd been doing this since theyd moved him to the bungalow, tag-teaming him, one pre moveation up at least every hour to check on him, bring him food or medicine, change the sheets, take his temperature, help him to the bathroom, wipe his forehead. It looked like concerned care, but it felt like surveillance.\r\nSebastian Curtis took a capped syringe from his coat pocket as he crossed the room.\r\nTuck sighed. â€Å"Another one?”\r\nâ€Å"You must be feeling like a pin cushion by now, Mr. Case. I need you to roll over.”\r\nTuck rolled over and the doctor gave him the injection. â€Å"Its either this or the IV. Weve got this infection on the run, but we dont want it to get a foothold again.”\r\nTuck rubbed his bottom and sat up. Before he could say anything, the doctor stuck a digital thermometer in his mouth.\r\nâ€Å"Beth tells me that youre disturbed about your friend, the one you say came to the island with you?”\r\nTuck nodded.\r\nâ€Å"Ill check into it, I promise you. In the meantime, if youre feeling up to it, Beth and I would like you to join us for dinner. take down to know each other a little. permit you know whats expected of you.” He pulled the thermometer out of Tucks mouth and checked it but made no comment. â€Å"You up for dinner tonight?”\r\nâ€Å"Sure,” Tuck said. â€Å"But…”\r\nà ¢â‚¬Å"Good. Well eat at seven. Ill have Beth bring you down some clothes. Im sorry about the hand-me-downs, but its the best we can do for now.” He started to leave.\r\nâ€Å"Doc?”\r\nSebastian turned. â€Å"Yes.”\r\nâ€Å"Youve been out here, what, 30 years?”\r\nThe doctor stiffened. â€Å"Twenty-eight. Why?”\r\nâ€Å"Well, Mrs. Curtis doesnt look…”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, Beth is quite a bit younger than I am. But we can talk about all that at dinner. You should probably rest now and let those antibiotics do their work. I need you healthy, Mr. Case. We have a round of golf to play.”\r\nâ€Å"Golf?”\r\nâ€Å"You do play, dont you?”\r\nTuck took a second to turn back up with the abrupt change of subject, then said, â€Å"You play golf here?”\r\nâ€Å"I am a physician, Mr. Case. Even in the peace-loving we have Wednesdays.” Then he smiled and left the bungalow.\r\n31\r\nRevenge: Sweet and Low in Calories\r\nS arapul misshapen the last of the fibers into his rope and drew his knife to trim the ragged end. It was a good knife, made in Germany, with a thin flexible blade that was ideal for filleting fish or cutting microthin slices from coconut stems to keep the tuba running. Hed had the knife for ten years and he kept it honed and polished on a piece of tanned pig hide. The blade flashed blue as he picked it up and he saw the face of vengeance re-flected in the metal.\r\nWithout turning, he said, â€Å"The young ones are going to kill you.”\r\nKimi stopped, his knife held ready to walk out the old man in the neck. â€Å"You ate my friend.”\r\nSarapul gripped his knife blade down so he might turn and slash at the same time. There was no quickness in his bones, though. The Filipino would kill him before he got halfway around. â€Å"Your friend is with the white Sorcerer and Vincents bitch. Malink took him away.”\r\nâ€Å"Not that one. Roberto. The bat.”\r\n†Å"Bats are taboo. We dont eat bats on Alualu.”\r\nKimi lowered his knife an inch. â€Å"You are not supposed to eat people either, but you do.”\r\nâ€Å"Not people I know. Come over here where I can see you. I am old and my neck wont turn that far around.”\r\nKimi walked a crescent around the tree and crouched at ready in front of the old man.\r\nSarapul said, â€Å"You were going to kill me.”\r\nâ€Å"If you ate Roberto.”\r\nâ€Å"I like that. zip kills anybody anymore. Oh, the young ones are talking about cleanup spot you, but I think Malink will talk them out of it.”\r\nKimi cleared his throat. â€Å"Were you going to eat me when they killed me?”\r\nâ€Å" soulfulness brought that up at the drinking circle. I dont remember who.”\r\nâ€Å"Then how do I know you did not eat Roberto?”\r\nâ€Å"Look at me, little one. I am a hundred years old maybe. Sometimes I go to the beach to pee and the tides change before my wate r comes. How would I catch a bat?”\r\nKimi sat down on the ground across from the old man and dropped his knife in the gravel. â€Å"Something happened to Roberto. He flew off.”\r\nâ€Å"Maybe he found a girl bat,” Sarapul said. â€Å"Maybe he will come back. You want a drink?” The old cannibal offered his jar of tuba to Kimi, who leaned forward and snatched it before retreating out of knife range.\r\nKimi took a sip and grimaced. â€Å"Why are they going to kill me?”\r\nâ€Å"They say you are a girl-man and that you make Sepie forget her duties as mispel. And they dont like you. Dont worry, no one kills anyone anymore. It is just drunk talk.”\r\nKimi hung his head. â€Å"Sepie sent me away from the bachelors house. She is mad at me. I have nowhere to go.”\r\nSarapul nodded in sympathy, but said nothing. Hed been exiled for so long that hed gotten used to the alienation, but he remembered how he had felt when Malink had first banished him.\r\nâ€Å"You speak our language pretty good,” Sarapul said.\r\nâ€Å"My father was from Satawan. He was a great navigator. He taught me.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre a navigator?” In the old days the navigators stood above even the chiefs †and just below the gods. As a boy, Sarapul idolized the two navigators of Alualu. The long-dead dream of his boyhood surfaced and he remembered learning from them, watching them draw star charts in the sand and stand at the beach learn on tides and currents and winds. He had wanted to be a navigator, had begun the training, for in the rigid caste system of the Yapese islands it was the one way for a man to distin-guish himself. But one of the navigators had died of a fever and the other was killed in a fight before he could pass on his knowledge. The navigators and warriors were ghosts of the past. If this girl-man was a navigator, then the\r\nbachelors were piss ants to talk of killing him. Sarpul felt infused with an energy he hadnt felt in years.\r\nâ€Å"I can show you something,” Sarapul said. He seek to climb to his feet and fell back into a crouch. Kimi took him by a bony arm and helped him up. â€Å"Come,” Sarapul said.\r\nThe old man led Kimi down the path to the beach and stopped at the waters edge. He began to sing, his voice like change palm leaves rattling in the wind. He waved his arms in arcs, then threw them wide to the sky so that his chest looked as if it might crack open like a rotten breadfruit. And the wind came up.\r\nHe took handfuls of sand and cast them into the wind, then clapped his hands and resumed cantabile until the palms above them were waving in the wind. Then he stopped.\r\nâ€Å"Now we wait,” he said. He pointed out to sea. â€Å" tick off there.”\r\nA column of fog rose off the ocean at the horizon and boiled downcast and silver into a huge thunderhead. Sarapul clapped his hands again and a lightning bolt ripped out of the cloud and across the sky like a jagged white fissure in blue glass. The thunderclap was instant, deafening, and crackled for a full ten seconds.\r\nSarapul turned to Kimi, who was staring at the thunderhead with his mouth open. â€Å"Can you do that?”\r\nKimi shook off his astonishment with a shiver. â€Å"No, I never well-educated that. My father said he could send the thunder, but I didnt see him do it.”\r\nSarapul grinned. â€Å"Ever eat a guy?”\r\nKimi shook his head. â€Å"No.”\r\nâ€Å"Tastes like Spam,” Sarapul said.\r\nâ€Å"I heard that.”\r\nâ€Å"I can thatched roof you to send the thunder. I dont know the stars, though.”\r\nâ€Å"I know the stars,” Kimi said.\r\nâ€Å"Go get your things,” Sarapul said.\r\n'

'Does Word Length or Orthographical Neighbourhood Size?\r'

'Does banter Length or Orthographical Neighbourhood Size Effect Working entrepot? Abstract Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975) were the first to systematically examine the burden of phrase space on memory conclusion that diddle oral communication were recalled more easily than farsighted lecture. This became known as the word length loading (WLE; Baddeley et al. 1975). Since this study WLE was further examined and presented mixed results (e. g. Baddeley, 2000; Cowan et al, 1992; Lewandowsky & adenylic acid; Oberauer, 2009; Lovatt, Avons & international type Aere; Masterson, 2000).In 2011 Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, and Surprenant suggested that former research conducted may stimulate been posit to a confounding variable, orthographical locality size (ONS). In a study by Jalbert, Neath and Surprenant (2011) it was concluded that neighbourhood size, not length of the word, is important; in that locationfore forgetting in short-term memory may be referable to other varia bles than corrupt. The present study was further look into the resultant role of word length and ONS by utilise 2×2 within groups ANOVA. The independent variables were word length and ONS.They both had two levels: 1 syllable (short) and 3 syllables (long) for word length and 3-5 neighbours (small) and 7-9 neighbours (large) for neighbourhood size. Words for the ONS were selected victimization MCWord, an online orthographic database (Medler & Binder, 2005). The dependent variable was the number of spoken language successfully recalled in the correct decree. It was hypothesized that short words would be recalled better than long words, and that words with a large ONS would be recalled better than words with a small ONS.There will be no interaction between the two groups. There were eighter participants (Leeds Met undergraduates) selected through convenience sampling. The experiment was run with the call of E-prime (Schneider, Eschman, & Zuccolotto, 2002). Partici pants were presented with six words then words were displayed on the left side of the screen, participants were asked to indicate the order in which they had been presented in. The number of correctly recorded words was used as the measure of the accuracy of their memories.Results showed that there was no significant perfume on the still of recall relating to either word length or ONS, therefore not supporting the hypotheses or previous research. This could be due to a small exemplar size. The different stimuli used may also have been problematic as previous research indicates (Bireta, Neath & Surprenant, 2006). This may imply that there is another crusade for why forgetting occurs and it is not specifically related to declivity or ONS. Further investigation into this is recommended. References Baddeley, A.D. , Thomson, N. , & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. daybook of communicatory Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575â€589 . Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417â€423. Bireta, T. J. , Neath, I. , & Surprenant, A. M. (2006). The syllable-based word length effect and stimulus set specificity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 434â€438. Cowan, N. , Day, L. , Saults, J. S. , Kellar, T. A. , Johnson, T. , & Flores, L. 1992). The role of verbal output snip in the effects of word length on contiguous memory. Journal of Memory & Language, 31, 1-17. Jalbert, A. , Neath, I. , Bireta, T. J. , & Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect? Journal of Experimental psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 338â€353. Jalbert, A. , Neath, I. & Surprenant, A. M. (2011). Does length or neighbourhood size cause the word length effect? Memory and Cognition, 39, 1198-1210. Lewandowsky, S. , & Oberauer, K. (2009).No evidence for temporal decay in working memory. Journal o f Experimental Psychology: Association Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1545-1551. Lovatt, P. , Avons, S. E. , & Masterson, J. (2002). Output decay in immediate serial recall: Speech time revisited. Journal of Memory & Language, 46, 227-243. Medler, D. A. , & Binder, J. R. (2005): MCWord: An on-line(a) orthographic database of the English language. Schneider, W. , Eschman, A. , & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime Users Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology bundle Tools, Inc.\r\n'