Symbolism in Medieval Art

symbolization in knightly ArtEVE IN MEDIEVAL ARTSymbolism in the Medieval period had both theological and amicable meanings, and the figure of even demonstrates how these two kinds of meanings coexisted in a single symbolic form. Medieval symbolisation al near always occurred in art that was fit by or for the churches. In religious terms, the art of the Middle Ages was meant to instruct people of tout ensemble classes and to be an aid to prayer and the contemplation of religious ideas. provided, as art historians have begun to point out, this art was to a fault a system of visual signs that can be viewed in terms of type models, social practices, and an encoded look upon system of social mores ( black lovage 1). In strictly theological terms, the character of even, the first cleaning lady, was utilize to symbolize the magnetic dip of the human race. evening ate the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and persuaded Adam to eject it as well (Hall 4). This c aused the human race to experience sin and evil. But eve was also used as a symbol of the nature of women, seen as temptresses trying to lead men into sin. On comprehend the figure of Eve as she was presented in Romanesque art, the viewer was reminded of the Fall, nevertheless, depending on how she was depicted, the viewer could also be reminded that women atomic number 18 weak-willed, deceitful seducers who are not to be trusted.The works that will be investigated to support this thesis, is Eve at the tympanum (c. 1125-1150)The theological and the social meanings of the symbol were not completely separate. The perform also seemed interested in promoting this misogynistic idea of women as a social value. But the meanings were separable, in the sense that, when Eve was used as the basic theological symbol of the Fall, the implications about the air of women in common did not have to be part of the symbol.In one sense, Medieval art consisted of a kind of sacred writing in which the identity or uses of certain pictorial elements were widely understood (Mle, Medieval 267). Mle gives the representative of a halo which, when placed behind a persons head, indicates sainthood or holiness. In a more conglomerate example, a naked woman, with or without a snake or a tree, and holding a slicing of fruit, would be known to be Eve. These particular attributes would be given to her when the temptation of Eve by friction match (and/or Eves temptation of Adam if he was present) was the subject being plantnbut Eve could be shown in opposite situations as well.Medieval art is also a symbolic code, and, since the earliest times, Christian art had talk in figures, showing men one thing and inviting them to see in it the figure of another (Mle, Medieval 272). This means that, once the viewer identified Eves Temptation by her attributes of nakedness, the tree, the snake, and the fruit, then the viewer could move on to the understanding of what Eve, in this situation, sym bolized. She symbolized the Fall of the human race, which was, because of her actions, condemned to suffering, pain, death, and sin. The human race could not be redeemed until rescuer suffered and died for all humanity and provided the means of obtaining, through the Church, eternal salvation. Thus, in its plain theological use, the figure of Eve was connected to the mission of the Church because her actions were responsible for making the Church necessary. For this reason, Medieval artists (or the people who planned the art of the churches) saw the Temptation as a foreshadowing of the Annunciation in which the Virgin bloody shame, as the unexampled Eve, redeemed the sin of the old Eve (Hall 5).Petzold provides an example of this symbolic pairing of Eve and the Virgin bloody shame in Romanesque art. This is the sculpture on the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) over the doorway at the church of Neuilly-en-Donjon in France, where tierce interrelated scenes from the Bible show the deuce-ace chief(prenominal) archetypes of women Eve, Mary Magdalen (a reformed adulteress), and the Virgin Mary (Petzold 123). The three women are all shown in relation to a man. In the bottom section of the sculpture (the lintel), Eve turns from the tree to tempt Adam with the fruit, and Mary Magdalen kneels in front of Jesus and anoints his feet and wipes them with her hair (Petzold 123). Above them, the main sculpture shows the Magi worshipping Jesus, who sits on Marys lap. Around Mary and Jesus, angels blow horns celebrating Marys triumph over sin. Mle, commenting on this comparable sculpture, says that symbolically the work meant that woman, through whom sin came into the world Eve and by whom it was perpetuated Mary Magdalen, is at last and forever rehabilitated by the Virgin ( ghostly 431). The same society is made in another French church at Anzy-le-Duc, where the main tympanum sculpture shows the worship of the Magi on one side and Eve tempting Adam on the other. In the lower, l intel portion of the sculpture, heaven is shown beneath the Virgins side, and hell is shown beneath Eve (Mle, Religious 432).These examples carry clear Eves purely theological importance as a symbol clear. But, as Mles report indicated, the Eve-Mary Magdalen-Virgin Mary symbolism had a message about women in general. Women as a group were believed to be prone to sin and to causing sin, especially sexual sin because they tempted men. St. Bernard (1091-1153), who was one of the most influential and silver-tongued orators and writers of his age, emphasized that Eves sin was the sin of all women. He said in a sermon that Eve was the original cause of all evil, whose disgrace has come down to all other women (quoted by Kraus 42). But St. Bernard was also a great promoter of the cult of the Virgin Mary, which was becoming very popular in the twelfth century. And, on the connection between Eve and Mary, he said, Rejoice, Eve, rejoice in such a daughter . . . Opprobrium has been wiped ou t never again can woman be accused (quoted by Mle, Religious 431). But, in actual practice, though they praised Mary, this did not much change the Churchs view of everyday women as being sinful like Eve In the glorification of the Virgin, it was the Woman-Without-Sin, the non-woman Woman, the anti-Eve that was revered (Kraus 46). The extent to which Mary was not like a real woman was considered worthy of praise.Petzold notes that, since this misogynistic view of women was often part of the Churchs message, the symbolism of Eve was expanded so that images of her in art frequently stress her role as a sexual temptress (124). In this role, Eve becomes a symbol of the sinful nature of all women. Her role in theologically important events does not require this interpretation at all (although her feminine weakness was always implied by the Bible story). But, in the Middle Ages, this interpretation of Eve was quite popular. Petzold points out the facsimile of Eve in this character in an other Romanesque church in France, the Autun Cathedral. In a crack of sculpture by Gislebertus from around 1130, Eve is shown naked and nearly lying down, supported only by her knees and one elbow. The position may refer to the story that God punished her by making her weirdie on the ground like the snake who tempted her. But what is most striking about the Autun Eve is that, at a time when nudity was rare in art, the sinuous figure of Eve, with her rounded breasts, is one of the most erotically charged images in Romanesque art, and she is portrayed not so much as a sinner but as a temptress who invites Adam, and by implication men in general, to commit sin (Petzold 125).At this time, the Church was trying to enforce strict celibacy on priests and monks, and stressing the sinfulness of sexual relations and of women in general probably was part of that effort (Petzold 125). But, as Kraus shows, the figure of Eve was the model for the various sculptures of the vice of Unchastity, o r Lust, which one finds on so mevery church facades of the twelfth century and is invariably a woman, piece the typically male vice, on the other hand, is either Pride or Avarice (42). The overall mold of women was of their complete inability to resist their sexual urges and their deep desire to draw men into sin. But, while all this did aid the Church in its attempt to induce celibacy in priests, it was hardly the kind of teach calculated to spread affection for the wives and mothers in the audience (Kraus 44).This is what is meant by the social meanings of Medieval symbolism. As Alexander explains it, these images functioned to provide role models to sections of the Christian community, and the Church used various artistic means to intervene in the society in a variety of contexts (1). adept of the methods that was used was repeating. Mle pointed out how repetition of images ensured that every member of the potential audience would be sufficiently familiar with the various fi gures and their attributes to recognize an Eve with her apple or a saint with her halo (Medieval 267). But, in addition to familiarity with the elements of the stories, the visual messages were hammered piazza by their iconographical similarity until they were taken for granted and thus became an unquestioned part of everyday experience (Alexander 1).One of the most shocking images of Eve is found in a series of relief sculptures showing the project of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Paradise (from the twelfth century, at the French church of Notre-Dame-du-Port, at Clermont-Ferrand). In these sculptures, Adam hurls wailing Eve to the ground, kicks her, and drags her by the hair in a series of realistic gestures that may Maghave been inspired by a religious play, Le Jeu dAdam et Eve, that was performed both inside and outside of many churches (Kraus 44). The connection between such representations of Eve-Woman as deserving of this kind of treatment and an official sanctioning of su ch behavior by men toward their wives is not difficult to make. Some lines of the Adam and Eve play read, Oh, evil woman full of treason / Forever contrary to reason, / Bringing no man good in any season / Our childrens children to the end of time / Will feel the cruel whiplash of your crime (quoted by Kraus 44).St. Bernards sermons, a popular play, and repeated artistic representations of Eve as the source of evil all combine to show how this symbol had a clear social meaning as well as a theological meaning. Though the Church was not the only source of such misogyny, it was an active promoter of the feeling, and the effects of the social meaning of the Eve symbol are, in part, still present today.Works CitedAlexander, Jonathan J. G. Iconography and Ideology Uncovering affable Meanings in Western Medieval Christian Art. Studies in Iconography 15 (1993) 1-44.Hall, James. Subjects and Symbols in Art. 2nd ed. New York Icon-Harper and Row, 1979.Kraus, Henry. The sprightliness Theatre of Medieval Art. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1967.Mle, Emile. Medieval Iconography. Ancient Egypt through the Middle Ages. Vol. 1 of Readings in Art History. New York Scribners Sons, 1969. 265-91.The Twelfth Century A Study in the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Vol. 1 of Religious Art in France. Princeton Princeton UP, 1978.Petzold, Andreas. Romanesque Art. New York Perspectives-Abrams, 1995. K C Research Assistance, Inc., 1997

Dabur PESTEL Analysis

Dabur PESTEL Analysis submissionThe Dabur gild was established in 1884, a young doctor gird with a degree in medicine and a burning prvirtuosoness to serve mankind. This young man, Dr. S.K. Burman, laid the intromissions of what is today known as Dabur India Limited.The cross name Dabur is derived from the words Da for Daktar or Doctor and bur from Burman. From those basal beginnings, the company has come upn into Indias leading manufacturer of consumer wellness carry on, personal c be and forage ingatherings. Over its 125 years of existence, the Dabur brand has stood for goodness by a natural lifestyle. An umbrella name for a sorting of products, ranging from hair c ar to honey, Dabur has consistently ranked among Indias top brands. Its brands are built on the foundation of cuss that a Dabur offering every(prenominal)ow never cause anyone slightest of harm. The trust levels that this brand enjoys are phenomenally high.Dabur India Limited has marked its presence with e videntiary achievements and today commands a market leading status. There story of triumph is based on dedication to nature, corporate and process hygiene, dynamic leadership and commitment to their partners and stakeholders. The results of their policies and initiatives speak for them. The company has kept an eye on forward-looking generations of customers with a range of products that cater to a modern lifestyle, opus managing not to alienate earlier generations of loyal customers.Dabur India Limited is the fourth largest FMCG Company in India and Dabur had a turnoer ofapproximately US$ 750 Million (Rs. 3390.9 Crore FY 09-10) Market Capitalisation of over US$ 3.5 Billion (Rs 15500 Crore).Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real are the brands of Dabur.Dabur is an investor friendly brand as its financial performance shows. The companys reaping rate rose from 10% to 40%. The expected exploitation rate for two years was two-fold. There is an abundance of infor mation for its investors and prospective information including a daily update on the share price (something that very few Indian brands do). Theres a peachy sense of responsibility for investors funds on view. This is a direct accompaniment of Daburs philosophy of taking care of its constituents and it adds to the sense of trust for the brand overall.The company, through Dabur Pharma Ltd. does toxicology tests and markets ayurvedic medicines in a scientific manner. They lay down investigateed new medicines which volition find use in O.T. all over the country in this opening a new market. Dabur Foods, a subsidiary of Dabur India is expecting to grow at 25%. Its brands of juices, namely, Real and Active, together make it the market leader in the Fruit Juice Category.PESTEL ANALYSIS ON DABUR INDUSTRY(P)OLITICAL FACTORS organization intervences Government support the pains to expand to export its products to grow.Trading policies Trading policies are too favourable for dabur company so it can export its products it also help him to expand to grow.(E)CONOMIC FACTORSConsumer focus they are continuously focussing on analysing the consumer needs develop products to fill up there needs. This is the main reason for the growth of Dabur company.Living standard Rise in the living standard of hatful have increased their production level, produce high quality variety of products.National income National income is important factor as if affect the growth of the organisation. If per capita income is more the amount spend pull up stakes be more if it will be lower the amount spent will be less.puffiness rate Inflation means the rise in the value of all the product in the economy, if inflation rate is higher the cost of products will be higher if inflation rate is lower the cost of product will be lower. This directly affect the growth of the organization.(S)OCIO-CULTURAL FACTORSDemographics Demographics is the study of benignant population in the econ omy. It helps the organzation to divide the markets in different segments to target a large of customers. For Example- according to race, age, gender, family, religion, sex.Distribution of income This shows that how income is distributed in the ecconomy. It directly affect the buying power of the buyers. And ultimately leads to increase or decrease in the using up level of the products.Consumerism This indicates that a large number of options are available speckle purchasing of goods to consumers, so the choice becomes soft quality products can be choose by consumers. So while purchasing a consumer have different choices to select product according to his needs.Education levels Education is one of the most important factor which influence the buying power of consumer, while selecting a particular good a consumer should know all its features so it can differentiate them with another products.Law affect social doings Different integritys are make by the government to safe harbor the rights of consumers. For example- Consumer protective cover act, this law indicates that a consumer can file a brass against a seller if he finds that he is cheated.(T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSDiscoveries transition Continuous innovation in products processes is the basis of there services. They provide consumers with innovative products at heart easy reach Build a platform to enable Dabur to become a global ayurvedic leader.Advancement in engineering Focus on development there core brands across categories, reaching out to new geographies, within and outside India, and improve operational efficiencies by leveraging technology.Automation modification in technology will leads to automation, this means that with new technology grasp required is less as machines are automatic. All the works are done automatically by the machines as earlier it is labour oriented. nowadays all the work is machine oriented.Obselete rate Day-by-day new inventions are made so the rate of obselete is higher, as in Computer LAPTOPS have replaced the PC. This shows that the technology becomes obselete very fast.Research development This department plays a vital voice in the development of the organization. As this department always do research that what are the demand of the markets how to make advancements so the organization can belong in the competitive world.(E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTORSEnvironment regulations The preferred company to meet the health and personal grooming needs of there target consumers with safe, efficacious, natural solutions by synthesizing the deep knowledge of ayurveda and herbs with modern science.Environmental protection Responsible company to protect Ecological system use Eco-friendly products.(L)EGAL FACTORSCompanies law The company fulfill all the Company law requirement so as to grow develop to sustain in the compitative market.Employment law Employment law provides equal opportunities to every citizen to work earn his livelihood. It provides equal opportunities to every citizen.Consumer protection This law helps to protect the rights of consumers he can file a cutting against seller if he find that he is cheated.Industry-specific regulations These laws are related to industry for example- no industry can establish in between cities i.e. it should be outside the cities.

Effect of Politics on Health Care Policies

Effect of Politics on Health C are PoliciesHow ingest Political Ideologies Helped to Shape Policy in the Health aid Arena accounting entryDuring the late 19th and early 20th Centuries eudaemonia and the provision of health care was dominated largely by a laissez-faire approach. Many tidy sum in Britain lived in impoverished and unsanitary conditions. By the snip of the Boer contend (1899-1902) nearly a third of all troops suffered from malnutrition and they were judged unfit to serve. This randomness was used by neighborly reformers as evidence that political relation ought to show health and public assistance assistants that were an improvement on those which existed at the time (Moore, 2002). Since then insurance insurance policy qualification has been shaped by the ideology of the authorities that is in power. Different ideologies are associated with different political air divisionies, the ones referred to in this theme are associated with Liberal and cut into political sciences, Tory organization and refreshing fatigue. The ideological underpinnings of these political parties are respectively, social democratic, spick-and-span right withdrawing and the third way. This subject will attempt to show how such ideologies progress to helped to shape policy in healthcare, beginning with social democratic policies which produced the 1942 Beveridge Report and laid the foundations for the British welfare severalise (Walsh et al, 2000).Post-War neighborly Democracy neighborly democracy is make up of a issue forth of different strands but its policies are more or less(prenominal) closely associated with Labour Governments but is often subscribed to by most Liberal Democrats and some Tories. The Post-War Labour Government saw the benefit order as central to edict and one of the things that promoted social cohesion. Thus the ideologies of post-war Labour Governments are the basis of the British Welfare State (Giddens, 2001). The post- war Labour Government trustd in universal welfare provision, where a high standard of welfare is available to all those who deprivation them. This system results in what is know as an institutional model of welfare. Central to this approach is an understanding of healthcare as of a high standard, comprehensive, and available to all. Giddens (2001) notes that this kind of provision was establish on the ideas of the economist John Milton Keynes and meant that Government was involved at all levels of mickles lives.The post-war welfare state was formed on an understanding that at that place would be full employment. The 1942 Beveridge Report recommended the access of a system of issue Assurance. Under this system everyone paid a part of what they earned to the Government and theoreti echoy this would finance the welfare benefits they obtained. The National Health Service grew fall out of the publishing of by In 1946 Anuerin Bevan introduced a National Health function Bill from w hich grew the National Health Service. Underlying this was the idea that healthcare and hospitalisation would be provided free at the point of access. The National Health Service, which was open in 1948, became the envy of the Western world as commonwealth received free primary care from their local GP, free medicine, free marrow and dental care and free hospitalisation. By the 1950s however, it was becoming undoable to sustain a completely free service and the Government were constrained to introduce some charges for prescriptions, spectacles and dentistry. This was largely due to the fact that the read for healthcare exceeded Government resources to pay for it. The NHS lurched from one financial crisis to the next because the demands on it were so great (Walsh et al, 2000). Moore (2002) maintains that until the late 1970s British social policy was dominated by this approach which opposed radical change and believed that the beat way to achieve a more just an equal society was over a period of time. However, the post-war government had not envisioned climb unemployment and reduced tax revenues. The Social pop approach has been criticised as universe paternalistic and elitist, telling people that the state knows what is best for them. This approach has as well as been accused of creating a dependency culture rather than allowing people to think for themselves. This was a central argument of the novel honorable.The unused Right mountThe Tory Government that was voted into office in 1979 argued that under the previous Government state services had become oppressive and inefficient. New Right thinking station behind the Governments policies, which in turn influenced its critique of Social Democratic policies and the welfare state. New Right approaches emphasise the role of the insular sector in service provision. The incoming Government was concerned with the spiralling be of welfare, particularly the health service, and the fact that people r elied to heavily on Government services. Universal provision had created a nanny state a welfare dependency. Thatcher argued that it was preferable to provide services by dint of and through the market, through charity, or through family members. Personal responsibility and self-reliance were the core values promoted by the Tories. The New Right Approach concentrated on lifestyle and its physical and genial effects thereby placing responsibility for the state of an individuals health on their own shoulders (Giddens, 2001).The new Government introduced market conventions into the health service. kind of of doctors and patients, the term healthcare providers and clients were introduced. In theory this was supposed to give people more filling over the type of care they received, in course session it was a roll back of services. Stiglitz (2002) maintains that rather than increasing user choice the system actually gave the Government more control over peoples lives and allowed them to monitor take up of services to cut costs. In order to control spending on health competing NHS Trusts were introduced. This meant the growth of a two tier system within the Health Service and the introduction of private care (Walsh et al, 2000).The Conservatives as well began a process of deinstitutionalisation, closing geriatric wards and psychiatric hospitals, discharging people into the community. In 1990 the Community Care Act was introduced. message and Smith (1994) have argued that this Act did anything but care,the term community therefore enables the continuous construction of an idyllic past of plenty and social unanimity which acts as an immanent critique of contemporary social relations. Thus the call by politicians and policy makers to replace present systems of provision with community care feeds into this myth by implying that it is possible to recreate what many believe were the harmonious, fondness and integrated communities of the past (Means and Smith, 1994 5).The New Right approach to policy make has been criticised at a number of levels and some research studies e.g. Howarth (1999) found that since 1991 the mortality rates in some local authority areas have move by 40% and are thus significantly higher than the matter average. When New Labour came to power they continued the critiques of welfare dependency and introduced save reforms. Their approach is not yet fully developed but is known as the tierce Way.The Third Way ApproachDean (2003) maintains that when New Labour came to power in 1997 they did not break with New Right approaches. Blair maintained that they were offering a third way, that broke with the old odd and agreed with some of the Conservative policies. New Labour ministers have argued that new policies are pauperisationed to cope with poverty and inequality and to improve raising and health. Blairs Government argue that the state cannot provide everything and people need to be ready to help themselves more. Th e Government will however, provide mount and opportunities for people to help themselves. New Labour have continued use market principles in healthcare and have introduced a system which accounts for the number of cases that a hospital trust deals with. Its healthcare policies also involve using the private health system to cope with the overflow work that comes from the NHS (Moore, 2002). New Labour still hold to the view that the introduction of market principles into the healthcare system will result in greater efficiency and offend care.Critics have argued that the inequalities under the Conservatives have continued under New Labour and there is now a postcode lottery within healthcare i.e. where a person lives determines the amount and quality of healthcare that they receive. In response to this the Government set up Health Action Zones in 1998. By 1999 these were focussed on underprivileged areas where the health of the population was thought to be particularly poor. Heal th Action Zones are based on the principle of inter-agency working i.e. health is not simply a matter for the NHS, instinctive organisations, GPs and housing and social services all play a part in promoting health. The Government also introduced NHS Direct, a telephone help service that people can contact when they are not clear what to do about a health problem. In some areas there are walk in health centres staffed by nurses, they deal with minor health problems and take some of the load off of AE departments. (Moore, 2002). Some critics argue that Third Way policies benefit the better off at the expense of the poorer members of society.(Alcock, 1997)..It is also argued that Third Way polices are not sufficiently though through and therefore appear indistinct.ConclusionThis paper has looked at the ways in which political ideology shapes policy making. It has focussed on policy making in health because this is still a hotly debated topic in both the media and in the public arena a t large. Social democrats believe in universal welfare provision but the idea is based on full employment and that is no longer a workable concept. New Right thinking is against such total provision and believes that individuals need to be more self-reliant. Third Way policies use a faction of approaches but in practice much of the policy making is nearly indistinguishable from that of the New Right. Clearly these ideologies do have an effect on policy making, but more importantly they have an effect on the lives of British people. While there were many weaknesses in the Social Democratic approach it seems to be the general view that health services have deteriorated considerably with changing ideologies.1600 wordsReferencesAlcock, P. 1994 Back to the Future Victorian determine for the 21st Century in Murray, C. 1994 Underclass The Crisis Deepens London, IEADean, H. 2003 The Third Way and social welfare the myth of post-emotionalism Social Policy and Administration Vol 7 let on 7 p.695Giddens, 2001. 4th ed. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity PressHowarth, C. 1999 Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion 1999 York, Joseph Rowntree FoundationMarsh, Keating and Eyre et al 2000 2nd ed. Sociology making Sense of fiat Essex, Pearson EducationMeans, R. and Smith, R. 1994 Community Care, Policy and Practice London, MacmillanMoore, S. Scourfield, P. Sinclair, S. Burch, S. and Wendon, B. 3rd ed. 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.Stiglitz, J. 2002 Globalisation and Its Discontents New York and London WW Norton CompanyWalsh, I ed. 2000 Sociology Making Sense of Society. Edinburgh, Prentice Hall.

Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry

Retail Market Scenario of aluminium interrupt IndustryABSTRACTThis seek is an attempt at understanding the Retail Market Scenario of atomic number 13 span Industry in Mumbai. It studies the distribution channel in the industry, factors that brook light-emitting diode to the presence of strong greases like Freshwrapp and the likes in the Kitchen Foil sector. It also includes a detailed subscribe of the impact of Advertising sales onward motion on calculate Sale and Brand Aw beness in the said crop category.The master(prenominal) Objectives are to infer whether advertising/ Sales promotion garters Direct Sale and Brand Awareness, to show the awareness of the growth to let the customers know, what our harvest-tide is, its benefit and utilitys. How our product is diametric from competitors product. The methodologies employ in the consider vagabond primarily around primary and secondary selective in realiseation collection via create reports of competitors and via survey (exploratory look for).The settleings are that the brand awareness of the product has increased to a greater extent than double within two months duration and now we should promote the ad hoc eccentric of our product and increase the sales by converting the awareness of the product into sales.Ab push through The CompanyINTRODUTIONName of the Organization Egg scratch line BBN India Advertising Design Pvt. Ltd. goerning body Year-2004Firm shell-Pvt. Ltd.Nature of Business- Advertising DesigningLevel to Expand-InternationalPhilosophyAt Eggfirst BBN India, we share similar sentiments. And to achieve that, we proceed that extra hard. We put in that extra effort. We strand so forth that extra mile. And it all directly translates into superlative feat for you. We follow the old fashioned mantra your success is our glory.Values-IntegrityHonesty in e very actionCommitmentOn the foundation of integrity, doing whatever it takes to deliver, as promised.PassionMissionary ze al arising out of an emotional engagement with workSeamlessnessThinking and working together across functional silos, hierarchy levels, military controles And geographies. system Planning and emotional stateIt all starts with providing a st stridegic direction for clients documentarys. dodging PlanningPutting years of experience and expertise to use, they seduceulate a unique, insightful strategy to success estimabley achieve clients grocery storeing objectives.Market ResearchEggfirst backs their experience and knowledge by intensive and incisive question. Thoroughly analyzing the market conditions, current trends, case studies, competition and opportunitiesall to arrive at a gentle strategy.Creative Strategy and ExecutionEggfirst thoughts are often limited by a straightjacket of habits, norms, conventions and presumptions. Add to that iron boots of the fear of failure. Theres need to break-away from the constraints of traditionality and explore the unknown. Unbound even by infinity.Thats exactly what Eggfirst do. They use creativity to give clients their brand the uniqueness.SERVICESBrand Building and Corporate identicalnessA distinct brand identity that stands out from the crowd in a important way.CampaignIntegrated messaging across media. patsyStrategically aligned and creatively driven ads unsandedspaper, magazine and opposite cross media.AV/ MultimediaTVCs as comfortably as audio-visual representation (linear or non-linear) for corporate presentations, product presentations, launch presentations, demo presentations, etc.RadioInnovative, meaningful and effective radio jingles to communicate your message.OutdoorTraditional outdoor validating like hoardings, banners and bus-panels as well as BTL collateral such as wall paintings and shop-signages.Events, Exhibitions and PromotionsEvent, Exhibition and Promotion particularized campaigns that include theme ideation, pre-invitation mailers, perish backdrop design, event collateral design, A V presentation, post-event mailers and gift ideas.Internal conversationCampaign ideation and execution for internally spreading specific messages like node Sensitivity, Employee/ Customer Feedback, Training/ Induction, CSR, IT Awareness, Voice of Employee, Employee Motivation etcSales and Marketing confirmativeNewsletters, brochures, presentations, white papers, case studies, data sheets, POP collateral, posters, etc.Web interactional website using various technology platforms, reckon Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to drive traffic, and online campaigns (banners, mailers, newsletters etc.) including pay-per-lead email campaign.Direct Marketingcommunicating on a one-on-one basis with clients target audience through direct mailers, SMS campaign, telemerchandising and other traditional as well as innovative direct marketing tools.SWOT ANALYSIS-a) STENGTH-Satisfy all ineluctably of their customers.Delivering on timeCreative and innovative in advertisem ent plane sectionQuality outputThey deem globular exposure as well, with higher(prenominal) rewards appreciation.Team working environment is very efficient.b) WEAKNESS-Relatively new participant in an extremely competitive business sectorNot progressive into ATL advertising yetc) OPPORTUNITIES Can enter the orbicular markets to attract global customers.Clients advance with new products to get advertisement.d) THREAT-Established Players as Competitors from domestic and planetary marketCustomers preference and insight being changed every now and accordinglyRelatively naive in the ever-blooming Advertising industry.Eggfirst BBN India is the Indian arm of BBN International, establish out of Mumbai, India. A full-service advertising agency, Eggfirst offers end-to-end creative solutions for various business challenges. They are passionate about creating and fostering brands. They absorb a unsubdivided purpose Create brands that people will love remember and buy. through wit h(predicate) a combination of research, strategy, creativity and technology, they help their clients discover the potential of their brand, and unleash it.Some successful Contract-Jab ghar ki raunak badhani ho, diwaron ko jab sajana ho Come to, Eggfirst BBN India. The India focuse arm of BBN International, Eggfirst BBN India is a full service ad agency offering end-to-end creative solutions for energizing brands.Paani mein rehkar bhi yeh kam gale, dhero kapde dhoye aur zyaada chale Thats what near clients look for in their ad agency and thats exactly what they will find at Eggfirst BBN India. Combining the agility speed of a Concorde and the performance reli capability of a Boeing 747, Eggfirst will take your brand on an enriching journey of aah se ah-a tak. Zyaada de ujala, din-o-din chalne wala, Eggfirst has implike in the Indian summer for years now. Working at the terra firma level with some of the leading brands in India, they have rolled delightfully in the muddy puddle of marketing advertising, unaccompanied to realise daag achche hai.Dhero Kapde dhoye aur Zyaada chale. Thats Eggfirst. glide slope to Eggfirst BBN India with a marketing problem is like going to a eating house when youre really hungry. Theres everything you care for (End-to-end advertising solutions). It offers a seven course meal (Research, Branding strategy, Creative strategy, Creative rendition, Media planning, Media buying, Launch). With the flavouring of clients choice (Creative, direct, humorous, emotional).Every pointedness on the platter gets Eggfirsts special attention right from the time of handpicking the raw materials till the time they lays it out for their clients.Its a wholesome experience. Not solo will the delicious food leave the client satisfied and delighted, the quality of service will simply stun them.Media planning and buyingThe utmost frontier, connecting with clients target audience in the most effective way separately brand is unique. So how why sh ould the medium be common? considerable back, a farmer in England, who used to rent out his kine to companies, came up with a unique and an extremely effective marketing strategy. He sprayed company logos on the cows. This helped the companies get recognition and visibility change magnitude their brand equity..Media PlanningPlanning a mix of media, a able blend of traditional and innovative, in a way that it helps clients break-through-the-clutter and reach out to their target audience effectivelyMedia BuyingCapabilities to buy media that best suits the strategy. muchover, ensuring that non-availability is neer an obstacle in clients pathWindfallTranslating a product into a brand a successful brand its easier said than done. An exceptional brand success story is scripted with an exceptional culture. And thats precisely what clients will find at Eggfirst BBN India. And a lot moreGlobalizationIntegration of global expertise and network with incisive understanding of Indian cond itionsThe sales and marketing harmonyDriven by the understanding that sale is the ultimate place and marketing the essence.Adding value, subtracting expensesFocused on adding tangible value, reducing wastagesIf clients were a lanternEggfirst would be the oil. If clients were a pajama, Eggfirst would be the strings.ClientsOberoiEureka ForbesHoneywellJohnson JohnsonHDFC BankDeutsche BankTen sports title- hopeer JP Morgan etc.Objective of the projectTo infer whether Advertising/ Sales promotion helps Direct Sale and Brand Awareness.To make the awareness of the product.To let the customers know, what our product is, its benefit and advantages.How our product is assorted from competitors product.MethodologyThe methodology followed in this project involved the following Phases Collection of Data Type of the project analytic thinking of Data Conclusion RecommendationData Collection-Data is collected by following methods- soft ResearchPrimary Research Field Work. subaltern Research Online. proportional/ Industry analysisQualitative ResearchQualitative Research is about investigating the features of a market through in-depth research that explores the background and context for decision making.There are two main qualitative methods depth interviews and focus groups. However qualitative research rat also include techniques such as usability test, brainstorming sessions and vox issue surveys.Primary Research-Primary research involves gettingoriginal datadirectly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist in front. It is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the businessThis is about filling up questionnaire, and the questionnaires were filled by Retailers as well as Consumers with two different sets of Questions. I have done research at following places.Western SuburbsKandivli 6.SantacruzBandra 7. JogeshwariDadar 8. MaladLower Parel 9. AndheriPowai 10. Goregaon to the south BombayColabaNapean Sea RoadKemps C ornerCentral SuburbsKurlaChemburNew Bombay FarthestVashiSanpada ingrained Samples 300 (min)Secondary Research-Secondary marketing research, or desk research,already exist in one form or another. It is relatively cheap, and whoremaster be conducted rather quickly .However, it tends to have been collected for reasons other than for the problem or objective at hand. So it may be untargeted, and difficult to use to make comparisons (e.g. financial data gather on Australian pensions will be different to data on Italian pensions).Comparative/ Industry analysis-Comparative or industry analysis is includes analysis with respect to another actor in the same field. It gives real picture where product stands in the market.Type of the project-Market research project abbreviation of DataThis involves analysis of data collected by above methods.Conclusion RecommendationAfter finish of the entire analysis, interpretation recommendation were make on the basis of figures and diagrams.Limitati ons of the studyInadequate information.Sample Size.Cannot disclose the product name as per companys guideline. delusory answers that might affect our conclusion.Unwillingness of the Retailer to answer.Biases and prejudice due to Sales margins on the Retailers opinions.Market size of aluminium botch up-aluminum indulge is widely used, the experts according to their characteristics of different applications, it is divided into more than 20 varieties. Different countries due to differences in levels of economic using, consumption structure of aluminium muff unfit gap there. Developed countries in Europe and the United States, aluminium foil packaging products for 70 portion of the total demand. In the Chinese market, aluminium is mainly used as industrial raw materials manufacturing, packaging and aluminium foil and 30 percent of the total domestic demand.Into the twenty-first century, market competition and product homogeneity of trends, to stimulate the rapid development of the product packaging. 2002, the global packaging market size has more than d billion U.S. dollarsThe estimated markets for aluminium foil containers are as followsCompetitive Analysis of Alumunium foilThe above analysis shows that who the major players in aluminium industry. Hindalco handss the first position and Gul Foil is on 5th position.LITERATURE REVIEWWhat is aluminium Foil-Aluminium foil is the thin admixture leaf aluminium with a thickness of not more than 0.2 mm. However, most commonly used foils have thickness of 0.006 mm. It is used for various reasons like, packaging of food, packaging of pharmaceuticals product etc.Packaging today responds to consumers demands for choice and thingmabob as well as changed production and distribution conditions and systems. By unafraidguarding product quality, packaging allows products to be transported and distributed locally, regionally and even globally, thereby making valuable food resources available to a wider population . In modern households, people increasingly turn to the use of fully-prepared meals, transcribed and frozen foods, in a wide variety of portion sizes, to keep time in cooking and preparing meals. Packaging makes this possible.Raw Materials atomic number 13 poesy among the most abundant fragments aft(prenominal)wards oxygen and silicon, it is the most plentiful element found in the earths surface, making up over eight percent of the crust to a depth of ten miles and appearing in nearly every common rock. However, atomic number 13 does not occur in its pure, bimetallic form but rather as hydrated aluminum oxide (a categorization ofwater and aluminum oxide) combined with silica, iron oxide, and titania. The most significant aluminum ore is bauxite, named after the French town of Les Baux where it was discovered in 1821. Bauxite contains iron and hydrated aluminum oxide, with the latter representing its largest constituent material. At present, bauxite is plentiful enough so t hat only deposits with an aluminum oxide content of forty-five percent or more are mined to make aluminum. C formerlyntrated deposits are found in twain the northern and southern hemispheres, with most of the ore used in the United States coming from the West Indies, North America, and Australia. Since bauxite occurs so close to the earths surface, mining procedures are relatively simple. Explosives are used to open up large pits in bauxite beds, after which the top layers of dirt and rock are cleared away. The exposed ore is thus removed with front end loaders, piled in trucks or railroad cars, and transported to impact plants. Bauxite is heavy (generally, one ton of aluminum can be caused from quadruplet to six tons of the ore), so, to reduce the cost of transporting it, these plants are often set(p) as close as possible to the bauxite mines.The Manufacturing ProcessExtracting pure aluminum from bauxite entails two processes. First, the ore is polishd to eliminate impurities such as iron oxide, silica, titania, and water. Then, the consequence aluminum oxide is smelted to resurrect pure aluminum. After that, the aluminum is rolled to produce foil.RefiningBayer processThe Bayer process used to refine bauxite comprises four tonuss digestion, clarification, precipitation, and calcinations. During the digestion stage, the bauxite is ground and mixed with sodium hydroxide before being pumped into large, pressurized tanks. In these tanks, called digesters, the combination of sodium hydroxide, hop up, and pressure breaks the ore pig into a saturated solution of sodium aluminates and insoluble contaminants, which settle to the buns.The adjacent phase of the process, clarification, entails sending the solution and the contaminants through a set of tanks and presses. During this stage, material filters trap the contaminants, which are then disposed of. After being filtered once again, the remaining solution is transported to a cooling tower.In the attac hed stage, precipitation, the aluminum oxide solution moves into a large silo, where, in an adaptation of the Deville method, the fluid is sown with crystals of hydrated aluminum to promote the formation of aluminum particles.Calcinations, the final step in the Bayer refinement process.SmeltingSmelting, which separates the aluminum-oxygen compound (alumina) produced by the Bayer process, is the next step in extracting pure, metallic aluminum from bauxite. Although the procedure currently used derives from the electrolytic method invented contemporaneously by Charles Hall and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Hroult in the late nineteenth century, it has been modernized. First, the alumina is dissolved in asmelting cell, a deep steel mold lined with carbon and filled with a heated liquid conductor that consists mainly of the aluminum compound cryolite.Next, an galvanizing current is run through the cryolite, causing a crust to form over the top of the alumina melt. When adjunctal alumina is per iodically touched into the mixture, this crust is broken and stirred in as well. As the alumina dissolves, it electrolytically decomposes to produce a layer of pure, molten aluminum on the bottom of the smelting cell. The oxygen merges with the carbon used to line the cell and escapes in the form of carbon dioxide.Rolling foilAfter the foil stock is made, it must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness be reduced in thickness to make the foil. This is accomplished in a rolling mill, where the material is passed some(prenominal) times through metal rolls called work rolls. As the sheets (or webs) of aluminum pass through the rolls, they are squeezed gossamer and extruded through the gap between the rolls. The work rolls are paired with heavier rolls called replacement rolls, which apply pressure to help maintain the stability of the work rolls. This helps to hold the product dimensions within tolerances. The work and backup rolls rotate in foe directions. Lubricants are added to facilit ate the rolling process. During this rolling process, the aluminum occasionally must be annealed (heat-treated) to maintain its workability.As the foil sheets come through the rollers, they are trimmed and slitted with circular or razor-like knives installed on the roll mill. Trimming refers to the edges of the foil, art object slitting involves cutting the foil into several sheets. These steps are used to produce narrow coiled widths, to trim the edges of coated or laminated stock, and to produce rectangular pieces. For certain fabricating and converting operations, webs that have been broken during rolling must be join back together, or spliced. Common types of splices for joining webs of plain foil and/or backed foil include ultrasonic, heat-sealing tape, pressure-sealing tape, and electric welded. The ultrasonic splice uses a solid-state weldmade with an ultrasonic transducerin the overlapped metal.Finishing processesFor many an(prenominal) applications, foil is used in I V / combination with other materials. It can be coated with a wide range of materials, such as polymers and resins, for decorative, protective, or heat-sealing purposes. It can be laminated to papers, paperboards, and plastic films. It can also be cut, formed into any shape, printed, embossed, slit into strips, sheeted, etched, and anodized. Once the foil is in its final state, it is packaged accordingly and shipped to the customer.Quality ControlIn addition to in-process control of such parameters as temperature and time, the finished foil product must meet certain removements. For instance, different converting processes and endusers have been found to require varying degrees of dryness on the foil surface for satisfactory performance. A wet ability test is used to determine the dryness. In this test, different solutions of ethyl alcohol in distilled water, in increments of ten percent by volume, are poured in a uniform stream onto the foil surface. If no drops form, the wet abilit y is zero. The process is continued until it is intractable what minimum percent of alcohol solution will completely wet the foil surface.former(a) important properties are thickness and tensile strength. Standard test methods have been developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Thickness is determined by weighing a try and measuring its area, and then dividing the weight unit by the product of the area times the demoralise density. Tension testing of foil must be carefully controlled because test results can be affected by rough edges and the presence of small defects, as well as other variables. The sample is placed in a traveling bag and a tensile or pulling force is applied until shatter of the sample occurs. The force or strength essential to break the sample is measured.The Future of Aluminium FoilThe touristedity of aluminum foil, especially for flexible packaging, will continue to grow. Four-sided, fin-sealed pouches have gained wide populari ty for military, medical, and retail food applications and, in big sizes, for institutional food service packs. Pouches have also been introduced for packaging 1.06 to 4.75 gallons (4-18 litres) of drink for both retail and restaurant markets, and for other food service markets. In addition, other products continue to be developed for other applications. The increase in popularity of microwave ovens has resulted in the development of several forms of aluminum-based semi-rigid containers designed specifically for these ovens. More recently, special cooking foils for barbecuing have been developed.However, even aluminum foil is being scrutinized in regard to its environmental friendliness. Hence, manufacturers are increasing their efforts in the recycle area in fact, all U.S. foil producers have begun recycling programs even though aluminum foils total tonnage and capture rate is much lower than that of the light-headed-to-recycle aluminum cans. Aluminum foil already has the advant age of being light and small, which helps reduce its contribution to the solid waste stream. In fact, laminated aluminum foil packaging represents just 17/lOOths of one percent of the U.S. solid waste.For packaging waste, the most promising solution may be source reduction. For instance, packaging 65 pounds (29.51 kilograms) of coffee in steel cans requires 20 pounds (9.08 kilograms) of steel but only three pounds (4.08 kilograms) of laminated packaging including aluminum foil. such(prenominal) packaging also takes up less space in the landfill. The Aluminum Associations Foil Division is even developing an educational program on aluminum foil for universities and professional packaging designers in order to help inform such designers of the benefits of switching to flexible packaging.Aluminum foil also uses less energy during both manufacturing and distribution, with in-plant scrap being recycled. In fact, recycled aluminum, including cans and foil, accounts forover 30 percent of th e industrys yearly supply of metal. This number has been increasing for several years and is expected to continue. In addition, processes used during foil manufacturing are being improved to reduce air pollution and hazardous waste.Few Brands customary in the market.FRESHWRAPPSUPERWRAPHOMEFOILNUTRIWRAPJACKSONFRESHWRAPPHindalco is Asias largest integrated primary producer of aluminium and among the most cost-efficient producers globally. Its house foil brands include Superwrap, Freshwrapp and Freshpakk semi-rigid containers, which are convenient and popular with consumers.Delivering never-before-tried solutions to customers in India and across the globe, Hindalco has the distinction of being Indias premier supplier of foil and foil laminates plain lacquered and printedHindalcos best quality of Food Wrapping Foil that are basically used for wrapping food items such as chapatti, sandwiches and others. The product are available in different types of specification, they are made and de veloped from high quality materials. These products are available in different types specification.11 micrometer gauge X 300 mm 72 mtrs , 18 mtrs , 9 mtrs , 120 grams , 50 gramsSUPERWRAPStore About this product Superwrap Aluminium Foil by Hindalco 72metre Keeps the food fresh and hygienic wherever you take.with this new Superwrap Pure Aluminium Foil by Hindalco. Mfg. by HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD. (foil division)HOMEFOILHygienically safe for wrapping, storing, covering, sealing, baking and grilling of food products.Keeps food warm and fresh, with aroma and taste intact.Unique rust proof cutter for easy dispensing.Homefoil Jumbo rich 75m x 300mm law A14HJBHomefoil Jumbo Yellow 35m x 300m, 500 gm Wt. Extra thick Code A12JYHomefoil Jumbo Red 99m x 300mm Code A8HJRNUTRIWRAP-Nutriwrap is aluminium foil which is mainly used for food packaging. It is an 11 micron aluminium foil which can be used for sweet boxes and lunch packaging. 11 micron being used against market standard of 9 micro n matching international standards embossed foil being launched for the first time in india better strength more value for notes edge over competitorsProducts 9 meters pack (economy, standard, premium ) for house hold use. special economy size of 225mm width introduced for sweet boxes . 18 meters institutional pack . 72 meter jumbo pack for bulk users (hotels, messiness catering) pull-up sheets for roti-wrap, sandwich-wrap, fast food / snacks restaurant.Why Aluminium FoilFreezer-to-oven convenienceThe only packaging that can withstand extreme temperature changes, aluminum can go from the freezer to the oven to the table saving time during food preparation.MicrowaveabilityIts align aluminiumfoil containers can be used in microwave ovensIn fact, foods heat more thoroughly in aluminium than in plastic and observe more of their original texture and flavor.TransportabilityAluminium containers are leak-resistant, sturdy, stackable, and keep foods undecomposed than plastic or Styr ofoam containers.Easy clean upChoose easy clean-up or no clean-up. After cooking, save your aluminum containers and recycle them.Tri-oven abilityNot only can aluminium containers be used in a microwave oven, they also stand up to conventional ovens and wassailer ovens without melting, charring, or compromising the foods original flavour.These attractive properties of rolled aluminium used in packaging can be summarised(1) Durability and StrengthAluminium foil is commonly produced in the 1000 series alloys, alloyed only with iron and silicon. These alloys work harden when subject to cold deformation. The thickness (gauge), alloy and temper can be chosen so that the exact properties required can be achieved. Stamped foil containers therefore retain their shape and rigidity.(2) igniterThe low density and thinner sections of aluminium compared with some competing packaging materials means a reduced weight, saving energy in transport.(3) Thermal conductivityAluminium is an excellent co nductor of heat and therefore the chilling and high temperature of the contents of aluminium packaging can take place quickly, with marginal thermal gradients.(4) Heat ResistanceAluminium packaging resists a very wide range of temperature, from the very cold to the very hot. There is no risk of cracking, melting or burning. Aluminium packaging products can be stored in the coldest deep freeze and heated in the hottest oven.(5) Barrier PropertiesAluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light, gases and liquids and can blossom forth the useful life of foodstuffs for long periods of time, measured in years.(6) Food and take up CompatibilityThe vast majority of foods and drinks have no adverse effects on uncoated aluminium, so there is no contamination. With very acid or alkali ingredients a wide range of food-contact coatings are available affording full protection to the contents of the foil packaging or the can.(7) Decorative strengthAluminium foil and can stock is compatible w ith all make processes so that the contents of the foil or the can be beautifully

Healthy Nutrition for a Child

Healthy Nutrition for a tikeHealth Intervention innovationA) Brief summary of concerns approximately the minors health and well-being.An overview of Joshua would bring to an end that he is essentially a healthy six year oneness judgment of conviction(a) boy. Apart from being shy on an initial en regarder, all his interactions and animal(prenominal) indices appear to be within modal(prenominal) limits. There were no manifest concerns about his ramp upmental stage. He appe atomic number 18d to stop distinguishly. He lives with both p bents and ii siblings and communicates appropriately for his age.NutritionNutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast antithetic cereals corn whisky flakes, coco pops, with fruit apples, bananas. Lunch, to a fault fruit and noodles several(prenominal) time machinate of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of swag and full-bodied could be high.Nutrition is a major issue for many teach electric razorren. It is no n possible to say, as the result of a brief wonder with Joshua, whether or not his general diet is a cause for concern. He clearly is not fat and appears to construct an appropriate weight for his height. unrivalled nookie use his reported 24 hr intake as a discussion point. It can be seen that his diet is certainly varied, with fruit, some roughage and some protein (albeit probably processed). There is a suspicion that he has an excessive intake of carbohydrate and fat. If these suspicions occupy a bun in the oven been raised, therefore it would be sound to investigate them fully with interviews with the parents to establish whether further empowerment and education of parents and infant might be appropriate. (Crisp, J et al. 2005) fluctuationing strategiesThe report refers to Joshuas degenerate ambitions. While there is every merit in advance Joshua to foul up in sport for both general fitness and development, one has to treat the possibility of injury and utilize d amage that can elapse in the pre-pubertal kid who over-exercises in the hope of achieving his goal of being a paid footballer. One can identify the item that talking about an line of business of interest such as sport can serve to restrain the pip-squeak and break down potential communication barriers, the nurse can also use the opportunity to present and discuss factors which are applicable to the peasants health and can be controled into the context of the childs favourite sporting activity.B) Strategies to address no more than cardinal of these health concerns.Nutrition.The key to a changing a childs provisions is to target the parents. (Hockenberry, M 2005). On one level this may seem only obvious, but there are deeper repercussions to this statement. The implications of this comment get out be discussed in the next segment. An appropriate strategy to tackle the caper is firstly to define Joshuas diet with a greater pointedness of certainty to ascertain if a fu ss actually exists. This could be make in a number of ways. Clearly one could ask him on a daily basis about his eating habits for that day. This might be reasonably accurate but would be hopelessly inefficient. A expose strategy might be to ask to see the parents and discuss the look at some length with them. If there was any doubt, then one could ask for a food diary to be kept over a period of two weeks. One would have to be awake that this mechanism is capable of manipulation by the parents, but may erect a basis for discussion.The nurse should be able to make a basic surveyment of the situation and if there is any doubt then an appointment with the community dietician might help to resolve the problem. In any event, if concerns have been raised, then it is the nurses responsibility to monitor the childs weight and plot it on a centile chart to document any significant change. Any significant deviations from the normal should ideally be referred to the primary health car e team.SportsThis is not an easy celestial orbit in the pre-pubertal child. The evidence presented for Joshua does not suggest any problem. As a discussion point however, one can consider the fact that health care professionals have to tread a narrow path between encouraging a healthy interest in sport, which can help both body and mind develop properly, and allowing a particular interest in a particular aspect of sport to cause maldevelopment. This latter(prenominal) precondition can either come from a child (who may have some form of associated obsessive illness) or, more frequently from the parents who may have views about pushing the child to achieve. This can have repercussions not lonesome(prenominal) in overuse syndromes, but in psychological issues relating to over-control and overt bullying.An appropriate strategy would be to firstly define the problem with interviews with both the child and their parents. If a problem is believed to exist, then it may simply require adv ice and focal point for the parents from various healthcare professionals in the primary healthcare team. Specific overuse injuries may require specific interventions. It has to be noted that this is not a common problem, but if it is defined, then it should be taken seriously as the repercussions may have a significant impact on the childs development.C The use of a wide selection of publications no more than 5 years old, to provide a principle (justification) for each strategy. You are expected to reference this section.Nutrition.In general terms, the parents (and sometimes the school) are responsible for the provision of an adequate diet for the child, but the belles-lettres is full of examples of how maladaptive practices in parents can have quite label clinical implications for the childs health.A very recent penning by Moestue has studied the link between a childs nutritionary status and the parental educational level (Moestue H et al. 2008). The nutritional values that the mother has been brought with up largely determines how she will feed her family. To a large extent this is independent of the familys financial means although the latter may have an adverse impact if it is very low. (Cochrane S H et al. 2000). corpulency is mayhap the most common form of malnutrition and its incidence in developed countries is increasing at an alarming rate. (Maher E J et al. 2008). It is observe that obese parents tend to have obese children. This linkage may not simply be a genetic predisposition (although there is a solid genetic element) but the feeding habits of the mother (in particular) tend to be perpetuated in the child. (Lobstein T et al. 2004). To successfully tackle potential obesity in childhood has a number of positive effects in vainglorioushood. The child who is obese will tend to be an obese adolescent and an obese adult. This will increase the chances of Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery indisposition and some types of cancer. Reducing the childs BMI to non-obese levels will reduce their talent to these eventualities. (Zhu H et al. 2008)In terms of tackling this problem, many authorities point to the fact that empowerment and education of the parents is the key to providing children with good eating habits. (Howe J et al. 2004). If these are established in childhood then they are more likely to persist throughout life. Such a remit may be beyond a simple intervention from the school nurse, but social function of the multidisciplinary primary healthcare team may help in this respect.SportThis essay has highlighted the balance required between a healthy location to sport and overindulgence. Although the latter is unusual in this age group, when it happens it can have severe consequences. (Brenner J S, 2007). The reason why this is a particular problem in this age group is the fact that the pre-pubertal child has bones and ligaments which are still growing, as such they cannot handle as much breed as adult bones. Ch ildren can get injuries which do not occur in adult life. The growing ends of bone (the ephyisis) can become spare or distorted resulting in abnormal growth. (OKeefe L, 2007). The commonest source of such problems in this age group is parental pressure and expectation. Some parents have totally unrealistic expectations for their children. Others simply want to let the child have opportunities that perhaps they never had and, however misguidedly, push them too hard into sporting activities.The healthcare professional has to be careful not to allow concerns relating to overuse problems to completely dissuade children from sporting activities. Some degree of physical exercise is vital, not only for the childs physical development, but also to develop habits which are essential for health in future life. (Allender S et al. 2008). This is peculiarly important in the child who is overweight and who, if this overweight is maintained into adult life, would be at greater risk of developin g Type 2 diabetes (Hillsdon M et al. 2005).Sports participation also aids development in a number of other, more subtle ways. It can encourage the ability to work in a team and also encourages self-reliance. Competitive instincts can also be developed with participation in many sporting activities. (Powell K E et al. 2006)Appendix 1Childs first establish Joshua Age Six Years tutor Fisk Street Primary School Gender MalePHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Height 121 Weight 22 BMI 15.2 Temperature 36.8 Pulse 102 respiration 28 Oral health All dentition are in good condition. How could you tell? What was the state of the gums? DEVELOPMENT deliverance He rung very clearly/ but at the ascendant he was shy and this is normal in his age. Was the voice hoarse, loud or soft? Interaction with the assessor Good level of interaction with assessor. wellness HISTORY Sleep pattern There are no sleep problems indicated. He sleeps from 830 pm to 600am Sports / Physical Activities On the weekend and some time a fter school activities are soccer and football. TV / Screen hours per day He watch TV for negligible of 2.5 hours per day Other activities Play with his brother X Box and he go with his father for fishing Nutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast different cereals corn flakes, coco pops, with fruit apples, bananas. Lunch, also fruit and noodles some times sandwich of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of sugar and fat could be high. It is hard to say with a one despatch assessment. Record any other comments made by the child about their general health status He is very good and strongSOCIAL HISTORY People who live at home with the child (do not include names of individuals) Father, Mother, Brothers Sisters. Family activities Sport activities on week end, they do party for his birthday Friends of the child (do not include names of individuals) He said that he have many friends in the school channel ANY OTHER ACTIVITIES YOU UNDERTAKE WITH THE CHILD Joshoa as I assess him he is healthy boy with good communication when I spoke with him also he have dream to be famous shammer when he will be old man as he said, and he always try to play and asking questions for many time when we will play with balloon this gave me good idea about his health status. Showed good way of engaging with the child.References Allender S, Hutchinson L, Foster C (2008) Life-change events and participation in physical activity a systematic review. Health Promot. Int., June 1, 2008 23 (2) clx 172.Brenner J S, (2007) Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes. Paediatrics Vol. 119 no(prenominal) 6 June 2007, pp. 1242 1245Cochrane S H, OHara D, Leslie J. (2000) The effects of education on health Washington, DC World Bank 2000.Crisp, J., Taylor, C 2005, Potter Perrys basics of nursing, edition, Elsevier, Marrickville, Australia. 2005Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. (2005) Interventions for Physical Activity (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford Human Kinetics 2005 pp. 137 59.Hockenberry, M (2005), Wongs essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 7th edn. Mosby, St Louis. 2005Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 327 326 328.Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, et al. (2004) obesity in children and young people a crisis in public health. Obesity Rev 5 supplement, 4 85.Maher E J, Li G, Carter L, Johnson D B. (2008) Preschool Child Care Participation and Obesity at the Start of Kindergarten. Paediatrics Vol. 122 no. 2 August 2008, pp. 322 330Moestue H, Huttly S (2008) Adult education and child nutrition the role of family and community. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008 62 153 159OKeefe L (2007) Overdoing It in Youth Sports. Journal Watch Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, July 25, 2007 2007 (725) 3 3.Powell K E and Pratt M. (2006) Physical activity and health. Br Med J 2006 313 126 7Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, Treiber F A,. Harshfield G A, Kapuku G, Snie der H, Dong Y (2008) Relationships of Cardiovascular Phenotypes With Healthy Weight, at Risk of Overweight, and Overweight in US Youths. Pediatrics, January 1, 2008 121 (1) 115 122.18.8.08 Word count 2,192 PDG

Different Scientific Theories For Drugs And Crime Criminology Essay

Different Scientific Theories For medicates And Crime Criminology Es verbalise on that point ar many distinguishable kind scientific theories ab turn up the incessantly debated issue of the kinship surrounded by doses and abhorrence. The book lavishlylights a few of the major social scientific theoretical sights. Although on that point argon many several(predicate) arguments as to the nature of the correlation, the one thing that is certain is that in that location is a signifi coffin nailt all(prenominal)iance between do medicines engross and execration.The first throng of sights atomic number 18 from ethnographic and role theory analyses. They see the do medicines and villainy relationship as being associated with subcultures much than than now causative of for each one new(prenominal)(a). Society would term these subculture behaviors as extremely deviant. This let ins mellow frequencies of medicate routine, high horror rates, and high-risk sexual behavior. These ar visualizeed as an integral disjoint of the societal role of a typical street level medicate- workr. This perspective argues that medicate occasion and crime are mutually reinforcing, non directly linear in vitrine.An other(a) perspective comes from the ecological theoretical analysis. It argues that the relationship between medicates and crime are be reach the two momentivities happen in switch overable environmental conditions. These conditions include need of social assert, p eachwherety, and economic opportunity. This perspective argues that crime is spuriously re slowlyd to do medicates implement.The final interpretation is the radical theory. This perspective says that the relationship between drugs and crime is a production of g e reallyplacenmental licit policy since 1914, which criminalized many drug using behaviors. These theorists argue that the drug-crime relationship can be fought with the decriminalization of drugs, as well as treating drug use and dependences through social help programs.It is impossible to pinpoint the ex deport provoke of the drug-crime relationship. But by using several different theories, such as the previous mentioned ones, it is possible to pay off to develop an intellection of the root cause. It is historic to remember that one theory whitethorn non fit every single situation, precisely a group of well thought out theories can help us improve condone the oerall relationship of a particular problem.Chapter 1 perplexity 3The Goldstein model is a framework for the linkage between drugs and crime. It attempts to explain the troika different causes of force out that is linked with drugs. These three different classifications are the psychop misemployacological explanation, the economic- tyrannical explanation, and the dodgingatic explanation. Drug use is proven to be a major factor in crime in many cases. The majority of prison houseers in the United States are there bec ause of drugs, whether that be selling or using. The Goldstein model start ups good deal to the extra minimum of how drugs affect tempestuous crime.The first classification is the psychopharmacological force play. In this group, the abandon that is committed happens because of the direct effects of a psychoactive drug on a user. This is not motivated by anything except for the compulsive effects of the drug. Drugs cause the body to act differently than normal. Some drugs cause the body to become mellow and calm, while others cause the body to scald out in fits of rage. The majority of people puddle hold of psychopharmacological force out as mainly payable to alcohol rather than any other drugs.The undermentioned classification for the drug-crime connection is the economic-compulsive craze. This happens when offenders commit an offense for the purpose of fostering money to support their drug habit. Studies show that this classification is especially certain for heroin addicts, exclusively that it can be prevalent in other drugs as well. One of the major economic crimes committed for these drug addicts is drug dealings. Drug dealing is an easy stylus for the addicts to leave enough money to support their habit, and at the same time they can inhabit around of the drugs for themselves.The final classification is the systematic madness. This violence happens in the course of struggles for foodstuff power. These drug markets put up a high propensity for violence, whether that be from other dealers (turf warfare) or the buyers. A more in depth view of the violence in drug markets reveals that there are four factors that contri thate to the violence. These are the jejuneness of the participants ( callownesss are naturally more violent), the value of the drugs themselves (killing the buyer allows you to keep their money and still urinate your drugs), the intensity of law enforcement (potential police informants), and the validatory conseque nce of drug use (drug users are inclined to more violence due to the drug use).Chapter 2 drumhead 3According to Andrew Golub and Bruce D. Johnson there are four varietys of epidemics. They argue that drug epidemics usually leaveing notice predictable steps. Their model was originally used to study the Crack Epidemic, but has gone on to be used to study the Heroin gibe Epidemic and the Marijuana Epidemic as well. The four steps are the incubation strain, the expansion level, the plateau phase, and the decline phase.The incubation phase is base on the idea that drug epidemics usually grow out of an case-by-case social context (heroin from the jazz era and crack from inner-city drug dealers). During this incubation phase, the new drug practice is developed and perfected among a gauzy group of adult drug users. Research suggests that the new fascination with cannabis was because of the callowness inner-city hip-hop movement. They praised marijuana use in songs, c hatfulhin g, and other venues.The next phase is the expansion phase. In this phase, the drug use spreads rapidly among subcultures. These subcultures are usually newly emerging who embrace the new drug use as hip and their thing. In the crack and heroin epidemics, this expansion phase took place among adults. Only after it spread through the adults was it embraced by callowness. In contrast, the marijuana epidemic was first spread among youth.Next is the plateau phase of the drug epidemic. This stage is defined by youths becoming adults and wanting to get involved with the widespread drug of choice, currently that is marijuana. The rate of use of the drug of choice would be at high levels. The rate would be horse barn at this high rate and even slowly increasing.The final phase is the decline phase. This is just how it sounds. The rate of use for the specific drug would be declining overall, even rapidly declining. These four phases give an outline for the aliveness of a drug epidemic. It i s not necessarily a rule, but a superior general guideline for these epidemics.Chapter 2 Question 4The inlet theory is a popular theory of drug addiction. It is widely accepted as admittedly in many circles. It is based on the fact that a lot of research has shown that many American youths, who are involved in heart use and pervert, usually have a proficiency to their substance abuse. This progression of substance use involves four stages the nonuse stage, alcohol/tobacco stage, marijuana stage, and at long last harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin. The research shows that youths who do not use certain substances in one stage, rarely use the harder drugs in the ulterior stages. However it does not say that every single user at one stage impart necessarily progress to the next. This theory has produced the brand of gateway drugs for substances such as alcohol, marijuana, and even tobacco. Current policies seek to prevent, or at least delay as long as possible, the youth from using gateway drugs. This is in hopes that if youth do not use gateway drugs, they wont move on to harder, more well(p), drugs.This theory is not necessarily a strong theory. thither have been several studies suggesting that this gateway progression may not be very relevant to mainstream youth of today or to inner-city worlds. A study from the National House withstand assess on Drug Abuse found that youths coming of age during the mid-nineties were highly unlikely to progress from the gateway drug, marijuana, to cocaine (powder and crack) or heroin. This was compared to youths innate(p) previously in decades before. This leads researchers to rely that substance abuse among youth reflects cultural, or even subcultural, norms among the youth. It suggests that substance abuse is acceptable or unacceptable among youth cultures, and that this cultural norm will reflect substance abuse. These cultural norms commute over time and locations as well.This theory has whatsoever cred ibility, but it is all-important(prenominal) to realize that theories may be strong one year, but may be weakened by cultural influences the next. Cultures progress and change over time, so it is impossible to assume that trends and patterns will not change as well.Chapter 3 Question 2According to Lisa Maher and Kathleen Daly, the basic social organization of saucy York City crack markets is an organized system of distribution. This is in contrast to the unremarkably characterized unregulated markets of individual crack dealers trying to get rich by themselves as crack entrepreneurs. The research suggests that as soon as there is a high enough demand for the crack, the individual freelancers are interpreted over by a more organized system for distribution. This is show by the crack epidemic in New York City during the late 1980s. During that time many of the neighborhoods had highly organized street-level drug markets. These markets were dependent on each other and they had a h ierarchical structure of organization.The organisational structure is oftentimes like that of the mafia, a highly organized street gang, or a Fortune-500 business. The drug business owners had many different crew bosses and managers or lieutenants. These managers were in charge of relaying orders from the owners to the street-level employees. They had the responsibility to organize and deliver all the substantial supplies and also for collecting the money made by the street-level workers. These managers could hire, fire, and pay the workers as they saw fit. They also handled problems the scorn level employees had with each other or even the upper management.The next level eat in the organizational structure, after the managers, crew bosses, or lieutenants was the street-level drug dealers. These dealers had a specific body politic that they were in charge of selling to. The dealers were assisted in any way gather uped by the lower-level members such as the runners, look-outs, and enforcers. The runners are responsible for having a continuous supply going to the dealers. The look-outs were in charge of warning the dealer of immanent threats (i.e. cops). And the enforcers were in charge of handleing order, whether by force or presence.This system of drug dealing was extremely organized and sophisticated. It made it a serious problem for law enforcement officials to fight the already impossible war on drugs. This system made it possible for the drug companies to run smoothly and efficiently.Chapter 4 Question 3In the article Street Youth and criminal Violence Stephen W. Baron and Timothy F. Hartnagel offer three possible theories that explain youth violence. It is important to understand different possible explanations of youth violence because the criminal jurist system inevitably to know the root cause in order to develop prevention strategies. The theories are the street subculture and life-style theory, the economic deprivation theory, and the rout ine activities theory.The street subculture and lifestyle theory is a popular explanation for violence among youths. It says that peer groups and role models glorify violent behavior rather than shunning it. The highest rates of violence are find in neighborhoods where violent role models are everywhere, such as inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of gang violence. This perspective argues that criminal acts are almost essential to the cultures and subcultures of the street, which slowly make violence more and more acceptable in youths.The economic deprivation theory argues that violent behavior is rooted in inequality, uneven distribution of wealth, and the deprivation of the have-nots compared to the haves. The degree of inequality is all a matter of perception by the individual. If the individual has a negative view of others compared to himself, this will create feelings of resentment and bitterness. These feelings can be manifested in expressions of violence and crime.The routine activities theory suggests that just presenting someone with the opportunity to commit crime can lead to increase in crime, alone dependent of social or structural conditions. This perspective says that violent street crime is barely a product opportunities that are presented to individuals in the daily life on the street.These perspectives differ because they each attribute the root cause of crime to different factors. In the street subculture theory, the crime is attributed to cultural norms, role models, and peer influence. In the economic deprivation theory, crime is attributed to financial unhappiness. In the routine activities theory, crime is attributed to the availability to commit the crime. All three of these perspectives probably are mostly truth, so it is wise to look at all three of them from a broad encompassing perspective.Chapter 4 Question 1There are many etiological factors that predict young adult drug use and delinquency. These factors are not 100% acc urate all of the time, but they aid as a means to help direct prevention and signal detection efforts. The causal factors are concluded from survey data taken of youth in high school. There are some manifest causal factors to youth delinquency and drug use and some not so obvious ones. There is a gender gap that is noticeable in this data as well.In the data, one of the obvious results was that a importantly smaller proportion of youth had committed a delinquent act in the twelve months prior to the survey than compared to their lifetimes. It also found that women were less(prenominal) likely to get involved in delinquent activities ab initio, but that after they were involved they were just as likely as men to remain unconquerable in delinquent acts. another(prenominal) inte counterbalanceing determination was that about(predicate) 50% of the individuals who admitted to committing an offense in their lifetime also did so in the previous twelve months leading up to the interv iew. One consistent finding was the persistence of participation in delinquent acts. If an individual committed an act once, they were much more likely to commit more delinquent acts in the future.The trend of committing delinquent acts differs from the trend of involvement in hot drugs among youth. For example, persistent use of illegal drugs is much more likely than persistent direction of delinquent acts. Also, the proportion of continual illegal drug users is much lower for women than for men. Women are also much less likely to become initially involved and then to remain persistent users of illegal drugs than men.The disparity between men and women has always been large when it comes to crime. This can be due to a number of reasons. The first potential explanation for the disparity could be that the unlawful Justice System is more lenient on women than on men. Another possible, and statistically proven, explanation is that men are just proportionately over involved in crime compared to women. Whatever the reason, we know for sure that women are less likely to be involved in crime and illegal drugs.Chapter 5 Question 1An interesting phenomenon has developed over the by twenty to thirty years in the Criminal Justice System. The prison population has more than tripled since the 1980s, while the crime rate has gone overthrow drastically. It has especially dropped significantly since the early 1990s, yet the number of prisoners has steadily grown. There are a few different explanations for this seemingly out of control trend. Lana D. Harrison offers a well researched explanation of this phenomenon. She suggests that this wild rise in prison numbers can be attributed to policy changes and the war on drugs.In the early 2000s, over 2 million people were imprisoned in the United States. This is more than three times the number of prisoners that the United States had in the 1980s. Harrison argues that the majority of these drug prisoners were incarcerated in t he 1980s at the beginning of the war on drugs. By 1996, 60% of the federal prisoners were imprisoned for drug offenses, 23% of state prisoners, and 22% of jail prisoners.The changing criminal legal expert function and new policies have contributed to this rise, including mandatory minimum sentences and the three-strikes laws. In the 1980s, the moral drug panics caused lawmakers to pass extremely strict drug laws. This in turn caused the melodramatic increase in the numbers of drug prisoners across the board at all levels.Drug users who were incarcerated because of these stricter penalties went into prison addicted to drugs, and many times they also left prison addicted to drugs. These drug addicts returning to the communities returned no better than when they had gone to prison, still the same person, just older. Since these drug addicts had been to prison beforehand, they were much more likely to be convicted again for crimes they committed. This is a self perpetuating cycle pe r second which may be another explanation to the emanation prison population.The rising prison population coupled with the decreasing crime rate is a much studied phenomenon in the criminal justice world. Harrison offers the explanation that it is due to the changing policies and the changes that took place in the criminal justice system itself. The war on drugs had far reaching consequences that caused a major crack down on drugs of all kinds, from the lowest of users to the most organized cartels.Chapter 5 Question 3Douglas Longshore and his colleagues pose five different dimensions of the conceptual framework of drug accosts. These dimensions include leverage, population severity, program intensity, predictability, and renewal emphasis. Longshore suggests that the first two dimensions (leverage and population severity) of drug hooks are structural characteristics. He says that the final three dimensions (program intensity, predictability, and rehabilitation emphasis) are chara cteristics of the process, which describe what occurs while offenders are processed through the drug courts.Leverage refers to the seriousness of penalties that offenders face who do not meet the requirements of programs and are dismissed from drug courts. When the participant completes all of the program requirements, the charge is decrease and even sometimes dropped completely. If the offender fails to complete the program, he or she may be sentenced and possibly incarcerated. Longshore suggests that the outcomes will be better when drug courts have more leverage (whether that be actual or just perceived) over the participants. The next structural characteristic is population severity, which refers to the difference in drug courts which are established to handle serious offenders as opposed to meek offenders, or the other way around. Other indicators of severity may include age, gender, or even trade history. Longshore says that courts sterilise up to handle the more serious o ffenders will have less favorable outcomes. He does say however that there might be other less obvious dimensions that impact population severity as well.Program intensity refers to the requirements set out by the court for the completion of the drug court. These include piddle tests, appearing in court, drug abuse classes and manipulation. Optional requirements may be imposed as well such as employment, suitable livelihood quarters, education, and paying fines. The next process characteristic is predictability, which refers to how the participant thinks the court will respond to their compliance or noncompliance. Predictability indicators may be drawn from court statistics and records. The final characteristic is rehabilitation emphasis. This is important when viewing the criminal justice system as rehabilitative instead of punishment guidanceed. Rehabilitation is the focus of most drug courts. This emphasis can include how often the arbitrator talks directly to and listens to the participant, time spent with the participant by all parties involved, and how close the participants sit in relationship to the bench. Longshore suggests that outcomes are better when drug courts are emphasized more on rehabilitation.Chapter 6 Question 1Harm reduction is a goal for some policies and programs concerning drug abuse and other criminal issues. It is not a program in and of itself, but just a goal of the programs. The two conflicting goals that divide peoples opinions are harm reduction and prohibition (demand and supply reduction). While prohibition seeks to completely do away with the illegal activity (alcohol, drugs, prostitution, etc.), harm reduction seeks to make those activities safer for the people who choose to participate in them. Harm reduction is seen by some people as the lesser of two evils. Peter Reuter and Robert J. MacCoun treat the attempt at harm reduction with illegal drugs.People who hold the harm reduction point of view believe that it is mor e honest to make out the harm done by illegal drugs than to try and do away with them altogether. The belief is that people will always be harming their bodies with drugs. The idea of harm reduction accepts this fact that people will always do drugs, and thus tries to make it safer for the people who choose to do so. This is a debatable policy, but may have more merit than it seems to have at face value.For example, in some countries public health services depict prescriptions for heroin users to obtain heroin legally. In some places, there are designated locations where heroin addicts can obtain and use heroin in a controlled and safe environment. Another example of harm reduction is adoptle exchange programs. These programs allow heroin addicts to exchange dirty needles for clean ones. This is in hopes of reducing the spreading of diseases, such as HIV and Hepatitis C, from one user to another.Proponents of harm reduction policies argue that it is much cheaper to propose th ese drug services to every single addict than to imprison the addict. They also say that by providing the drugs for the addicts, they reduce crime that the addict would need to commit in order to grease ones palms the drugs for themselves. Opponents of harm reduction policies argue that making it safer (and thus easier) for addicts to use drugs will cause an increase in drug use.Chapter 6 Question 6According to Philippe burgher there are many different regional variations in using methadone hydrochloride as treatment. methadone is a drug that is used to treat opiate (such as morphine or heroin) addicts. The addicts are presumption the methadone in small doses to help reduce withdrawal symptoms, and in large doses to block the high that opiates give the user. This method of treatment is not accepted 100% in the United States.For example, in eight states methadone is illegal to use in the treatment of opiate addicts. Even in the rest of the states where it is legal, there are sti ll many divergent opinions about the treatment. Bourgeois argues that this difference in opinions depends on the focus of medical and criminal justice establishments in an area, the amount of street addicts in an area, and the overall culture and political sympathies of the region. Along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the overwhelming cultural view is that substance abuse is a biological disease that requires medical intervention. Methadone treatment is fairly easy to obtain in these areas. It is also a multi-million dollar industry (for both treatment and research) and has dozens of locations throughout the region. some(prenominal) of these methadone clinics and research facilities are paid for by the government.San Francisco is in dim contrast to the Eastern Seaboard. This city is dominated by a more New Age type thinking. This culture honors a healthy and drug free person. Some people (conspiracy theorists) even argue that methadone treatment is genocide against no n-white people. Because of these viewpoints held by a majority of the culture, methadone clinics are few and far between. The few clinics that are in this region have very strict entrance requirements to be admitted into their programs. Some of the facilities require proof (from medical, police, or other record) that the user has been addicted for over a year with previous failed detox attempts. They fear that some people who really arent addicted to opiates will sneak their way into the program, and consequentially become methadone addicts.Chapter 7 Question 7According to Lise-Marie VanNostrand and Richard Tewksbury, individuals desire to operate illegal drug enterprises for three reasons. They discovered these three motives by interviewing 20 dealers who were in drug court program. The three reasons are financial need, greed, and addition to the lifestyle. Most of the drug dealers interviewed in this study began their dealing career with a single one of these motives, but slowly o ver time the three motives began to overtake them.Financial need is a very motivating need. This is what motivated some of the individuals to begin their life of dealing drugs. Many people feel like they have no other option to provide for their responsibilities than drug dealing. Some of the people interviewed verbalise that they had a job, but that it just wasnt able to pay for all of their needs and so they began dealing drugs. The majority of people who said that financial need was their motivation to deal drugs had kids and a family to take care of. These individuals saw drug dealing as the fastest and sometimes the only way to provide their familys needs.Greed is also a strong motivation in some people. These people do not necessarily need more money to take care of their needs, but they crave more money to take care of luxuries. Many of the dealers in the study conducted said that drug dealing appealed to them because of the opportunity to make fast and easy money. They ofte n had legitimate employment or even ran businesses, but the desire for money overtook them and led them down a road to drug dealing. These individuals usually did not need to maintain normal jobs for the money, but they maintained normal jobs as a bird-scarer or sometimes just to have something to fall back on.An addiction to the drug dealing lifestyle is a unique motivation. Some dealers simply want to live a fast paced lifestyle or have popularity and power. These desires seemingly cannot be filled by legitimate jobs. Many of these individuals believe that they cannot achieve recognition or respect due to their perceived lack of skills or respectable attributes, and so they turn to dealing drugs as a means to earn that respect. After they begin their drug selling careers, they begin to have a self perception that everyone respects and admires them. This, coupled with the Brobdingnagian financial gains, is a self perpetuating cycle that leads them farther and farther into a life of drug dealing.